Monday, December 22, 2008

Diagnosis of Feline Pancreatic Disease

Webb, C. B. and C. Trott (2008). "Laparoscopic diagnosis of pancreatic disease in dogs and cats." J Vet Intern Med 22(6): 1263-6.

Despite advances in diagnostic testing, the diagnosis of many pancreatic diseases is not straightforward. The pancreatic-lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) assay is sensitive and specific for pancreatic disease, but cannot identify the source of the inflammation. Pancreatic disease may be due to many different causes, such as acute nonsuppurative or chronic lympoplasmacytic pancreatitis, or pancreatitis secondary to another disease process such as inflammatory bowel disease or bile duct obstruction. Noninvasive imaging methods such as ultrasound or radiology have variable degrees of sensitivity and specificity. The gold standard for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic disease in animals remains biopsy and histopathology. Laparoscopy offers a minimally invasive route by which to obtain pancreatic biopsies. In this retrospective case series, the medical records of 18 dogs and 13 cats examined between 1999 and 2007 at Colorado State University that underwent laparoscopy during which observation or biopsy of the pancreas was recorded were examined. The presenting complaints, imaging studies, and histopathologic findings were recorded. For comparison, all hospital admissions were searched for animals with the same presenting complaints and of those it was determined which animals had exploratory surgery and their pancreas biopsied. In 14 animals a laparoscopic biopsy of the pancreas resulted in a histopathologic diagnosis when the sonographic findings or the gross assessment failed to do so. Results of this study suggests that laparoscopy is a safe and potentially underutilized diagnostic tool in animals where exocrine pancreatic disease is a prominent differential diagnosis, as in dogs and cats examined for vomiting, anorexia, or both.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Richter, K. P. (2001). "Laparoscopy in dogs and cats." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 31(4): 707-27, ix.
>>PubMed Abstract

Zoran, D. L. (2006). "Pancreatitis in cats: diagnosis and management of a challenging disease." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42(1): 1-9.
>>PubMed Abstract

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Remission of Diabetes in Cats

Sieber-Ruckstuhl, N. S., S. Kley, et al. (2008). "Remission of diabetes mellitus in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis." J Vet Intern Med 22(6): 1326-32.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in cats. DM in cats appears most similar to type 2 DM in humans, with obesity being a strong risk factor. A serious complication of DM in cats is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a hyperglycemic emergency. While remission has been reported in up to 50% of cats with DM, remission in cats with severe DKA has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate medical records of cats presenting with DKA with diabetic remission and to compare them with those of cats with DKA without diabetic remission and those of cats with uncomplicated DM and diabetic remission. In this retrospective case review, the records of 12 cats with DKA and 7 cats with uncomplicated DM were analyzed. Of the cats with DKA, 7 experienced remission. These cats had more components of a stress leukogram and had pancreatic disease more often than did cats with uncomplicated DM and diabetic remission. They also had been treated more often with glucocorticoids. The researchers conclude that complete or partial remission of DM in cats presenting with DKA is possible. This finding is important as it may influence the willingness of owners and veterinarians to treat cats presenting with DKA.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Zeugswetter, F. and M. Pagitz (2008). "Ketone measurements using dipstick methodology in cats with diabetes mellitus." J Small Anim Pract. [Epub ahead of print]
>> PubMed Abstract

Bruskiewicz, K., R. Nelson, et al. (1997). "Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980-1995)." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 211(2): 188-192.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Seizures in Cats

Schriefl, S., T. A. Steinberg, et al. (2008). "Etiologic classification of seizures, signalment, clinical signs, and outcome in cats with seizure disorders: 91 cases (2000-2004)." J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(10): 1591-7.

Epileptic seizures can occur in cats for many reasons, such as metabolic or toxic conditions, inflammatory or infectious diseases, or neoplasia. Seizures with no identifiable cause are called idiopathic epilepsy, which has been considered rare in cats. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate associations among etiologic classifications of seizures and signalment, clinical signs, and outcome in cats with various seizure disorders. In this retrospective case series, data was collected on 91 cats presented for seizure disorders to Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich from 2000 to 2004. During this period, the incidence of seizures in all cats presented to this hospital was 2.1%. Etiology was classified as reactive in 20 (22%) cats, symptomatic in 45 (50%), idiopathic or presumptive idiopathic in 23(25%), and cardiac syncope in 3 (3%). Focal seizures were recorded in 52% of the cats, and generalized seizures in 48%. The mean age of cats with idiopathic seizures (3.5 years) was significantly lower than that of cats with reactive seizures (8.2 years) or symptomatic seizures (8.1 years). Cats with idiopathic seizures survived the longest.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Timmann, D., S. Cizinauskas, et al. (2008). "Retrospective analysis of seizures associated with feline infectious peritonitis in cats." J Feline Med Surg 10(1): 9-15.
>> PubMed Abstract

Bailey, K. S., C. W. Dewey, et al. (2008). "Levetiracetam as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with suspected idiopathic epilepsy." J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(6): 867-72.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Feline Muscular Dystrophy

Martin, P. T., G. D. Shelton, et al. (2008). "Muscular dystrophy associated with alpha-dystroglycan deficiency in Sphynx and Devon Rex cats." Neuromuscul Disord.

An animal model for some forms of muscular dystrophy in humans has been identified in the Devon Rex and Sphynx breeds. The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and has been identified in cats in several countries, such as the United States, Australia, UK, and the Netherlands. In the past, the disease was erroneously called "spasticity." Affected cats have a slowly progressive myopathy, with skeletal muscle weakness evidenced by cervical ventroflexion, a high-stepping forelimb gait, head bobbing, dorsal protrusion of the scapulae, and megaesophagus. There is no involvement of the peripheral nerves or central nervous system. Unfortunately, the prognosis is poor as many cats succumb to aspiration pneumonia or asphyxiation. Analysis has revealed a deficiency in alpha-dystroglycan protein expression, suggesting this disease may be one of the dystroglycanopathies.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Malik, R., K. Mepstead, et al. (1993). "Hereditary myopathy of Devon Rex cats." J Sm Anim Pract 34(11): 539-546.
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Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cats

Bexfield, N. H., A. J. Stell, et al. (2008). "Photodynamic Therapy of Superficial Nasal Planum Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cats: 55 Cases." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22(6): 1385-1389.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common skin tumour found in cats. It often affects areas that are non-pigmented and with little hair, such as the nose, eyelids, and ears. Conventional therapies for SCC include surgery and radiation. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy that uses visible light to activate photosensitizer agents that localize in the target tissue. The photosensitizing agent 5-ALA can be administered topically, and has previously been evaluated for feline cancer therapy in a small study. Fifty-five cats with SCC of the nose referred to the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital (University of Cambridge, UK) were enrolled in the prospective study. The 5-ALA cream was applied topically every 30 minutes for a period of 6-8 hours. The cats were lightly sedated and medicated for pain, and all wore an Elizabethan collar. Illumination of the lesions was performed with light emitting diodes while the patients were under general anesthesia. Cats were reassessed one month after PDT. Outcomes were defined as complete response, partial response, or no response. Ninety-six percent of the cats responded to therapy, with 85% having a complete response. However, there was a recurrence rate of 51% at a median interval of 157 days. Although PDT does not lead to a complete remission in all SCC cases, it has the benefit of being safe, well tolerated, and cosmetically acceptable.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Hammond, G. M., I. K. Gordon, et al. (2007). "Evaluation of strontium Sr 90 for the treatment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats: 49 cases (1990-2006)." J Am Vet Med Assoc 231(5): 736-41.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Oxyglobin Use in Cats

Weingart, C. and B. Kohn (2008). "Clinical use of a haemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solution (Oxyglobin®) in 48 cats (2002-2006)." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(5): 431-438.

Blood transfusions are an important component of critical care for anemia in cats, and may be required for various reasons, such as hemolysis or blood loss. While safe and effective, blood transfusions are labour-intensive, requiring typing and cross-matching of donor and recipient. Oxyglobin® (Biopure Corp) is a chemically stabilized hemoglobin in a balanced salt solution intended for intravenous use. It is licensed for treatment of anemia in dogs. Administration of Oxyglobin is less time-consuming than blood transfusion, and the solution can be stored for years, unlike blood products. There is minimal risk of transmission of infectious diseases. While numerous studies have been published on the use of Oxyglobin in dogs, there is little in the veterinary literature regarding the use of the product in cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate Oxyglobin infusions administered to cats between November 2002 and December 2006 at the Clinic for Small Animals of the Free University of Berlin regarding indication, number of infusions, infusion volume, side effects, and survival rate. During the study period, 48 cats received 65 Oxyglobin transfusions. Administration of Oxyglobin efficiently increased the hemoglobin concentration in the majority of tranfusions. However, severe side effects were noted in seven cats with cardiac disease, such as pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and respiratory distress. Four of the seven cats received whole blood transfusions on the same day; five cats died and one was euthanized. Overall 24-hour survival rate was 77%. The researchers concluded that Oxyglobin is efficient and safe for treatment of anemia in cats, but the volume and rate of the infusion have to be carefully adjusted to the patient. Oxyglobin should be given very cautiously to cats with cardiac (or respiratory) diseases.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Callan, M. B. and V. T. Rentko (2003). "Clinical application of a hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 33(6): 1277-93, vi.
>> PubMed Abstract

Gibson, G., M. Callan, et al. (2002). "Use of a hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution in cats: 72 cases (1998-2000)." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 221(1): 96-102.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Feline Heartworm: Life Expectancy

Genchi, C., L. Venco, et al. (2008). "Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection: A statistical elaboration of the duration of the infection and life expectancy in asymptomatic cats." Vet Parasitol 158(3): 177-182.

Heartworm disease in the cat is caused by the nematode parasite, Dirofilaria immitis. Clinical signs in affected cats range from asymptomatic infections to chronic lower respiratory tract signs and chronic vomiting. Acute death without premonitory signs may also occur. This study, conducted in Italy, aimed to assess the duration and the outcome (self-cure or death) of feline heartworm infection and the life expectancy of infected cats. Of 43 asymptomatic cats included in the study, 34 (79%) self-cured and 9 (21%) died. Eleven (26%) cats remained asymptomatic and self cured within 21–48 months, 23 (53%) showed symptoms but self-cured within 18–49 months, 6 (14%) died within 8–41 months of follow-up and 3 (7%) suddenly died after 38–40 months. The probability for death increased significantly with age at diagnosis, but no difference was detected by gender, survival time after diagnosis, or the presence or absence of clinical signs. The results of this study indicate that cats with heartworm infection may live longer than cats with other common diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or chronic renal failure.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Litster, A. L. and R. B. Atwell (2008). "Feline heartworm disease: a clinical review." J Feline Med Surg 10(2): 137-44.
>> PubMed Abstract

Lorentzen, L. and A. E. Caola (2008). "Incidence of positive heartworm antibody and antigen tests at IDEXX Laboratories: Trends and potential impact on feline heartworm awareness and prevention." Vet Parasitol 158(3): 183-190.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Endoscopy for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease in Cats

Willard, M. D., J. Mansell, et al. (2008). "Effect of sample quality on the sensitivity of endoscopic biopsy for detecting gastric and duodenal lesions in dogs and cats." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22(5): 1084-1089.

A common diagnostic procedure for assessment of chronic gastrointestinal disease in cats is endoscopy with biopsies of gastrointestinal mucosa. Previous studies have highlighted the difficulty in obtaining quality biopsy samples via endoscopy. In this study, the researchers attempted to address two issues: whether the ability to demonstrate a histologic lesion in the stomach or duodenum is affected by sample quality, and whether more samples are needed to find a lesion when tissue specimens are of poor quality. The researchers evaluated tissues obtained via endoscopy from 51 cats (and 99 dogs) that were examined as clinical cases at 8 veterinary institutions or practices in 5 different countries. The results showed that the quality of endoscopically obtained tissue samples has a profound effect on their sensitivity for identifying certain lesions, and there are differences between biopsies of canine and feline tissues. Multiple samples need to be taken to ensure that a sufficient number of adequate tissue samples are obtained during endoscopic procedures. The old assumption that a single adequate biopsy sample is sufficient for diagnosis was shown to be incorrect. The study suggests that a goal of obtaining 6 marginal or adequate feline duodenal or gastric samples will be sufficient to give 99% confidence of finding any lesions present.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Day, M. J., T. Bilzer, et al. (2008). "Histopathological standards for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal inflammation in endoscopic biopsy samples from the dog and cat: a report from the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Gastrointestinal Standardization Group." J Comp Pathol 138 Suppl 1: S1-43.
>> PubMed Abstract

Evans, S. E., J. J. Bonczynski, et al. (2006). "Comparison of endoscopic and full-thickness biopsy specimens for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary tract lymphoma in cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 229(9): 1447-50.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Control of Postoperative Pain in Cats

Benito-de-la-Vibora, J., B. D. Lascelles, et al. (2008). "Efficacy of tolfenamic acid and meloxicam in the control of postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy in the cat." Vet Anaesth Analg.

This prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled study was performed at the University of Madrid, Spain to evaluate the effect of two non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (tolfenamic acid and meloxicam) on control of post-operative pain in cats. Sixty-nine client owned cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy were enrolled in the study. The cats were given a dose of either tolfenamic acid (Tolfedine, Vetoquinol), meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim/Merial), or placebo pre-operatively and again post-operatively. Pain and wound sensitivity were assessed using standardized scales for up to 25 hours post-operatively. The meloxicam group was less painful than controls at 6 and 22 hours post-operatively; both treatment groups were less painful than controls at 25 hours. The number of cats requiring rescue analgesia did not differ between the groups. Cats receiving tolfenamic acid or meloxicam had decreased wound sensitivity compared to controls at all time points. The researchers conclude that both tolfenamic acid and meloxicam provide a similar analgesic effect for up to 24 hours post-operatively.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Lascelles, B. D., M. H. Court, et al. (2007). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review." Vet Anaesth Analg 34(4): 228-50.
>> PubMed Abstract

Slingsby, L. and A. Waterman-Pearson (2000). "Postoperative analgesia in the cat after ovariohysterectomy by use of carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam or tolfenamic acid." J Small Anim Pract 41(10): 447-450.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Diagnosis of FIP

Winn funded research

Kennedy, M. A., M. Abd-Eldaim, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of antibodies against feline coronavirus 7b protein for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 69(9): 1179-1182.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal, complex, and clinically important disease of cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV occurs in two biotypes: one that is virulent and causes FIP, and one that is nonvirulent. FIP occurs in an effusive form characterized by pleural effusion or ascites, as well as a granulomatous form that may affect several organs. No consistent genetic difference has been identified that can distinguish all virulent from nonvirulent FCoVs. As a result, antemortem diagnosis of FIP is difficult because no test that is specific and sensitive for the FIP virus is available. It has been suggested that the product of the 7b gene is a virulence factor. If expression of the 7b protein consistently leads to FIP, cats infected with virulent FCoV would be expected to have measurable antibodies against this protein, whereas cats infected with the nonvirulent FCoV would not. This would allow differentiation of cats infected with virulent FCoV from those infected with a nonvirulent strain. The purpose of this study was to determine specific antibody concentrations against the 7b protein in cats with FIP or other diseases and healthy cats. Serum samples from 95 cats submitted for various diagnostic tests as well as 20 samples from specific pathogen free cats used as negative controls were tested for antibodies against the 7b protein. Serum from cats with FIP had antibodies against the 7b protein. However, some healthy cats, as well as cats with other diseases, were seropositive for the 7b protein. The researchers conclude that seropositivity for the 7b protein is not specific for the FCoV virulent biotype or a diagnosis of FIP.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Hartmann, K., C. Binder, et al. (2003). "Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis." J Vet Intern Med 17(6): 781-90.
>> PubMed abstract

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Contaminated Cat Food

Cianciolo, R. E., K. Bischoff, et al. (2008). "Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 233(5): 729-737.

In early 2007, reports of renal failure in cats and dogs fed a variety of commercial pet foods led to an investigation that revealed melamine and cyanuric acid both in the suspect foods and in the imported wheat gluten used in the manufacture of those foods. The discovery led to the largest cat and dog food recall in US history. This case series represents 70 cats from a single cattery inadvertently fed contaminated food. Clinical signs were identified in 43 cats and included inappetence, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, and lethargy. Azotemia was found in 38/68 cats tested 7-11 days after consumption of the contaminated food. One cat died and 13 were euthanized. Histologic examination of kidney samples from 13 cats revealed intratubular crystalluria, tubular necrosis with regeneration, and subcapsular perivascular inflammation. Toxicologic analyses revealed melamine and cyanuric acid in samples of cat food, vomitus, urine, and kidneys. Further evaluation of the survivors will allow assessment of any long-term effects associated with exposure to these 2 toxins.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Dobson, R. L., S. Motlagh, et al. (2008). "Identification and Characterization of Toxicity of Contaminants in Pet Food Leading to an Outbreak of Renal Toxicity in Cats and Dogs." Toxicol Sci.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Cyclosporine for Cats with Dermatitis

Wisselink, M. A. and T. Willemse (2008). "The efficacy of cyclosporine A in cats with presumed atopic dermatitis: A double blind, randomised prednisolone-controlled study." Vet J. Feb 20 [epub]

Most cats with atopic dermatitis are treated with corticosteroids, but there are cases where it would be desirable to avoid this class of drugs due to adverse effects. Cyclosporine is widely used in human and veterinary medicine to treat immunological diseases. In most countries, it is licensed for use in dogs, but not cats. In feline dermatology, cyclosporine has been used to treat eosinophilic granuloma complex, pemphigus, atopic dermatitis, and other disorders. In this randomized, controlled, double-blind study, 29 cats with atopic dermatitis were divided into 2 groups. One group (11 cats) was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg daily) while the remaining cats were treated with cyclosporine (5 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Blood samples for serum chemistries and hematology were collected at day 0 and day 28. During the trial, the owners were asked to evaluate the intensity of the pruritus once weekly on a linear analog scale and to record side effects. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the amount of remission or the number of cats that improved by >25%. No serious side effects were noted. The authors conclude that cyclosporine is an effective alternative to prednisolone for cats with atopic dermatitis.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Noli, C. and F. Scarampella (2006). "Prospective open pilot study on the use of ciclosporin for feline allergic skin disease." J Small Anim Pract 47(8): 434-8.
>> PubMed Abstract

Vercelli, A., G. Raviri, et al. (2006). "The use of oral cyclosporin to treat feline dermatoses: a retrospective analysis of 23 cases." Vet Dermatol 17(3): 201-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Cat Mortality in Shelters

Murray, J. K., E. Skillings, et al. (2008). "A study of risk factors for cat mortality in adoption centres of a UK cat charity." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(4): 338-345.

In the United Kingdom, there are many animal charities that shelter and re-home cats. Cats Protection, the largest cat-only animal charity in the UK, re-homed about 60,000 cats in 2005. Risk factors for mortality in UK shelters have not been previously studied, and may be applicable to similar animal shelter situations elsewhere in the world. A case-control study was used to examine variables associated with mortality. Retrospective data was collected for 194 cases and 320 control cats. An increased risk of mortality was discovered for cats admitted to shelters unneutered, in fair or poor health, and for cats born at shelters. Kittens under 7 weeks of age and cats over 7 years of age had an increased risk of mortality compared to other age groups. Cats with disabilities also had an increased risk of mortality. Knowledge of risk factors contributing to mortality in shelters can help focus intervention strategies aimed at reducing risk.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Cave, T., H. Thompson, et al. (2002). "Kitten mortality in the United Kingdom: a retrospective analysis of 274 histopathological examinations (1986 to 2000)." Vet Rec 151: 497-501.
>> PubMed Abstract

Bannasch, M. and J. Foley (2005). "Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters." J Fel Med Surg 7(2): 109-119.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Are Dry Foods Harmful for Cats?

Buffington, C. A. (2008). "Dry foods and risk of disease in cats." Can Vet J 49(6): 561-3.

In this Special Report, Dr. Tony Buffington of Ohio State University reviews some of the issues surrounding feeding dry food diets to cats. One of the biggest concerns is a possible relationship between the carbohydrate content of dry foods and risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Cats do metabolize dietary carbohydrates different from other species, although this may or may not make dry diets unsuitable for them. Recent research challenges the belief that obesity and diabetes mellitus are diet-induced diseases in cats. Factors that are receiving attention include indoor confinement, lack of activity, and feeding patterns. Environmental, developmental and genetic factors are also likely to play a role. Educating owners about providing an enriched indoor environment should be an important focus for veterinarians.
>> Free full text article

Related articles:
Backus, R. C., N. J. Cave, et al. (2007). "Gonadectomy and high dietary fat but not high dietary carbohydrate induce gains in body weight and fat of domestic cats." Br J Nutr 98(3): 641-50.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Avian Influenza in Cats

Marschall, J. and K. Hartmann (2008). Avian influenza A H5N1 infections in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(4): 359-365.

While influenza types B and C are mainly human pathogens, type A viruses are pathogens in many mammalian species including humans and birds. The avian influenza viruses may cause subclinical infections or serious disease, depending on their pathogenicity. Influenza A subtype H5N1 causes serious disease in poultry and can cross species barriers and infect humans as well as other species. Although cats had been considered resistant to disease from influenza virus infection, domestic cats and large felids are now known to be naturally and experimentally susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Infected cats may have subclinical disease, or may have fever, depression, and dyspnea. Most cats are infected by direct contact with infected birds, especially eating raw poultry. It is possible that cat to cat transmission may occur. Unfortunately, little is known about the role of cats in the epidemiology of this virus. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge with a focus on practical aspects for veterinarians.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Marschall, J., B. Schulz, et al. (2008). "Prevalence of influenza A H5N1 virus in cats from areas with occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza in birds." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(4): 355-358.
>> PubMed Abstract

Marschall, J., B. Schulz, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of a point-of-care influenza antigen test for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats." Transbound Emerg Dis 55(7): 315-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Risk of Anesthetic Death for Cats

Brodbelt, D. C., K. J. Blissitt, et al. (2008). "The risk of death: the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Small Animal Fatalities." Vet Anaesth Analg. 2008 May 5

The objective of this prospective study was to estimate the risks of anesthetic and sedation-related mortality in small animals in the United Kingdom. All small animals anesthetized and sedated at 117 veterinary practices between June 2002 and June 2004 were included. Patient outcomes at 48 hours were recorded. An anesthetic or sedation-related death was one where surgical or pre-existing medical problems did not solely cause death. In total, the records of 79,178 cats were evaluated. The overall risk of anesthesia or sedation-related death within 48 hours of the procedure was 0.24% and was higher than that for dogs (0.17%). The risk for healthy cats was estimated to be 0.11%, again higher than that for dogs (0.05%). The risk for sick cats was 1.40% (versus 1.33% for sick dogs). Postoperative deaths accounted for 61% of the cat deaths (versus 47% for dogs). The researchers conclude that small animal anesthesia appears to be increasingly safe, and that greater care in the postoperative period could reduce mortality.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Brodbelt, D. C., D. U. Pfeiffer, et al. (2007). "Risk factors for anaesthetic-related death in cats: results from the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities (CEPSAF)." Br J Anaesth 99(5): 617-23.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Survival of Cats with Kidney Disease

Boyd, L. M., C. Langston, et al. (2008). "Survival in Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease (2000-2002)." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22(5): 1111-1117.

Up to 20% of cats will be affected with chronic kidney disease (CKD) during their lifetime. The prevalence of CKD increases with age, so that almost 1/3 of cats over the age of 15 years are affected. The disease has unpredictable progression and variable presentation, making it difficult to perform long-term survival studies. The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) has developed a classification scheme for CKD in dogs and cats that is often used in long-term studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the average survival time for a large populatoin of cats from a facility that sees both first and second opinion cases, and to determine if the IRIS stage at diagnosis and after correction of pre-renal azotemia are associated with survival time. The study population consisted of 211 client-owned cats enrolled between April 2000 and January 2002. Clinical characteristics, clinicopathologic data, and survival times were extracted from the medical records. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were performed to determine survival times. Median survival for cats in IRIS stage IIb at the time of diagnosis was 1,151 days, and was longer than survival in stage III (median 778 days) or stage IV (median 103 days). The researchers conclude that IRIS stage of CKD based on serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis is strongly predictive of survival in cats with naturally occurring CKD.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Syme, H. M., P. J. Markwell, et al. (2006). "Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure is related to severity of proteinuria." J Vet Intern Med 20(3): 528-35.
>> PubMed Abstract

Elliott, J., J. M. Rawlings, et al. (2000). "Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure: effect of dietary management." J Small Anim Pract 41(6): 235-42.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Nasopharyngeal Polyps in Cats

Anders, B. B., M. G. Hoelzler, et al. (2008). "Analysis of auditory and neurologic effects associated with ventral bulla osteotomy for removal of inflammatory polyps or nasopharyngeal masses in cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(4): 580-5.

Inflammatory polyps are non-cancerous masses that develop in the nasopharynx, auditory tube, or middle ear. They are typically visualized within the ear canal or the pharynx. Most common in young cats, they are part of the differential diagnosis for upper respiratory tract signs and otitis. Clinical signs include nasal or otic discharge, swallowing difficulties, head tilt, nystagmus, sneezing, and Horner's syndrome. Treatment options include traction avulsion, and either lateral or ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO). Many authorities consider VBO to be the treatment of choice. Reported complications include Horner's syndrome, nerve deficits, damage to vascular tissues, and auditory damage. To date, information on how these masses affect hearing in cats and whether VBO can affect hearing has not been published. In this prospective case series, 17 cats met full inclusion criteria, and long term follow was available for 15 cats. Using BAER, 6 cats had deafness prior to surgery. No cat experienced a change in presurgical auditory status. Cats with deafness prior to surgery did not regain auditory function. In the immediate post-operative period, 11 cats developed short term Horner's syndrome. Polyp regrowth occurred in 1 cat. The authors conclude that VBO is unlikely to affect hearing in cats, and long term adverse effects, including polyp regrowth, are uncommon.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Kudnig, S. T. (2002). "Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats." Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 17(4): 174-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

Esterline, M., M. Radlinsky, et al. (2005). "Endoscopic removal of nasal polyps in a cat using a novel approach." J Fel Med Surg 7(2): 121-124.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Feline Redirected Aggression

Amat, M., X. Manteca, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of inciting causes, alternative targets, and risk factors associated with redirected aggression in cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(4): 586-9.

Redirected aggression (displaced aggression) is one of the most common forms of feline aggression directed toward people. It is a dangerous form of aggression because it is unpredictable and severe. Redirected aggression is diagnosed when a cat displays aggression toward an irrelevant target when the primary inciting stimulus is not available. The attacks are difficult to stop, and the cat remains highly aroused long after the inciting event is over. Despite the fact that this type of aggression is common and serious, it has not been well investigated. In this case-control study, the medical records of 19 cats with redirected aggression and 64 cats without redirected aggression were examined. In 95% of the cases, loud noises or interactions with other cats were identified as the inciting event. Aggression was most likely to be directed toward the owner, or toward another cat living in the same household. Cats with redirected aggression were less likely to be outdoor cats, and more likely to be from small households. The researchers suggest that the underlying motivation for the aggression is fear. To reduce the risk of redirected aggression, veterinarians should encourage owners to socialize kittens and habituate them to novel objects and sounds.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Curtis, T. M. (2008). "Human-directed aggression in the cat." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(5): 1131-43.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Feline Anal Sac Secretions

Frankel, J. L., D. W. Scott, et al. (2008). "Gross and cytological characteristics of normal feline anal-sac secretions." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(4): 319-323.

Feline anal sac disorders are uncommon, and are classified as impaction, inflammation, infection, abscess, or neoplasia. Anal-sac secretion is composed of many elements, such as desquamated keratinocytes, material from sebaceous and apocrine glands, proteins, and lipids, as well as bacteria and yeasts. Cytological examination has been recommended for the diagnosis of anal sac disorders in cats, but the cytological findings from anal sacs in either normal cats or cats with anal sac diseases have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytology of clinically normal feline anal sac secretions and to quantify the numbers of organisms and cells present, and to determine whether there is an association between age or gross color and/or consistency of a secretion and the number of cells and/or organisms. The researchers discovered that the normal feline anal sac secretion is highly variable in gross appearance and cytological composition among cats.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Parry, N. M. (2006). "Anal sac gland carcinoma in a cat." Vet Pathol 43(6): 1008-9.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Diagnosis of Fetal Loss in Cats

Schlafer, D. H. (2008). "Canine and feline abortion diagnostics." Theriogenology 70(3): 327-331.

Knowledge of the causes of pregnancy loss in the cat is limited and the success rate for making a definitive diagnosis is disappointingly low. However, there are opportunities to improve the diagnostic success rate. Causes of pregnancy failure are generally divided into infectious (bacterial, viral, etc.) and non-infectious causes (endocrine failure, endometrial disease, toxicities, genetic abnormalities, etc). This review articles describes how to conduct a thorough examination of aborted fetuses and placentas as well as microbiological techniques. Factors such as prompt submission of samples, use of special transport media, providing complete histories and full tissue sets can greatly improve feline abortion diagnostic rates.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Pretzer, S. D. (2008). "Bacterial and protozoal causes of pregnancy loss in the bitch and queen." Theriogenology 70(3): 320-326.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Flea Control for Cats: Frontline Plus versus Promeris

Franc, M. and F. Beugnet (2008). "A comparative evaluation of the speed of kill and duration of efficacy against weekly infestations with fleas on cats treated with fipronil-(S)-methoprene or metaflumizone." Vet Ther 9(2): 102-10.

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is found world-wide on many species of mammals including cats. Only the adult life stage of the flea resides on the cat while all other stages exist in the environment. On-animal flea control products may take different approaches, such as ensuring no fleas survive long enough to reproduce or disrupting the viability of flea eggs. Metaflumizone (Promeris, Fort Dodge Animal Health) was recently introduced for flea control use on cats as a topical spot-on. This study, funded by Merial, was designed to compare the speed of kill and duration of flea kill of commercially available formulations of Promeris and fipronil–(S)-methoprene (Frontline Plus, Merial) in cats in order to determine which active ingredient would be best suited to eliminate fleas before they produce eggs. Speed of kill efficacies were assessed against existing infestations and against infestations at day 7. Efficacy was also assessed 24 and 48 hours after weekly flea infestations through day 42. Cats treated with Frontline Plus had significantly fewer fleas than those treated with Promeris at 12 and 18 hours after treatment and on the day 7 infestations. Frontline Plus-treated cats also had significantly fewer fleas than Promeris-treated cats for all 24-hour counts from initial treatment on day 0 through infestation day 42.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Holzmer, S., J. A. Hair, et al. (2007). "Efficacy of a novel formulation of metaflumizone for the control of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) on cats." Vet Parasitol 150(3): 219-24.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Bacteremia in Cats

Greiner, M., G. Wolf, et al. (2008). "A retrospective study of the clinical presentation of 140 dogs and 39 cats with bacteraemia." J Small Anim Pract 49(8): 378-383.

Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream. Bacteremia may develop in animals with impaired immune defenses, and is a common cause of sepsis. Sepsis is the systemic inflammatory response to infection. Bacteremia is associated with a high mortality rate in animals so that early diagnosis and intervention is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial species that can be isolated from blood cultures in dogs and cats with bacteremia. Retrospective data from 39 cats (and 140 dogs) with positive blood cultures presented to the University of Munich were evaluated. Sepsis was diagnosed in 59.5% of the cats with bacteremia. The most commonly isolated organism was E. coli, accounting for 30% of the isolates in cats. Cats in this study had a higher mortality rate than dogs. The authors conclude that clinical and laboratory findings are not helpful in determining the type of bacteria involved and blood cultures need to be performed to guide therapy.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Greiner, M., G. Wolf, et al. (2007). "Bacteraemia in 66 cats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates (1995-2004)." J Feline Med Surg 9(5): 404-10.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Corneal Graft in a Cat

Townsend, W. M., A. J. Rankin, et al. (2008). "Heterologous penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of a corneal sequestrum in a cat." Veterinary Ophthalmology 11(4): 273-278.

Penetrating keratoplasty is a full-thickness corneal graft technique used to replace central corneal tissue damaged by disease or injury with healthy corneal tissue from a donor. Corneal transplants are commonly done in human medicine, but are rare in veterinary medicine. Corneal sequestrum is a condition unique to the cat where necrosis of the corneal stroma occurs. The dead stroma becomes pigmented and may spontaneously slough, leaving a corneal ulcer. The condition has gone under many names over the years (e.g., corneal mummification, corneal nigrum, kertatitis nigrum, corneal necrosis). The cause is unknown and the condition is believed to be painful. Treatment approaches vary according to the severity of the lesion, and may include superficial keratectomy. In this case report, a corneal sequestrum was diagnosed in an 8-year-old neutered male Burmese cat. In order to restore vision, a penetrating keratoplasty was performed. The graft was performed with fresh canine corneal tissue (heterograft) in order to decrease the risk of viral transmission from using a feline donor. The graft was successful, with final follow up 16 months postoperatively.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Featherstone, H., V. Franklin, et al. (2004). "Feline corneal sequestrum: laboratory analysis of ocular samples from 12 cats." Vet Ophthalmol 7(4): 229-238.
>> PubMed Abstract

Featherstone, H. and J. Sansom (2004). "Feline corneal sequestra: a review of 64 cases (80 eyes) from 1993 to 2000." Vet Ophthalmol 7(4): 213-227.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Lidocaine Patches for Cats

Ko, J. C. H., L. K. Maxwell, et al. (2008). "Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine following the application of 5% lidocaine patches to cats." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 31(4): 359-367.

The use of lidocaine patches to provide local analgesia in cats is increasing. The patch (Lidoderm, Endo Pharmaceuticals) contains 700 mg lidocaine and is 10 cm x 14 cm. It can be cut to a desired size and may be applied to the skin on each side of a surgical incision for post-operative pain relief. Other potential uses include relief of pain from trauma and bruising. This study was conducted to evaluate the systemic and local absorption of lidocaine from topical patches in cats. In a random cross-over design, 8 two-year old cats received either intravenous lidocaine at 2 mg/kg or one lidocaine patch placed on the lateral thorax for 72 hours. Plasma was collected at specified time points and analyzed for lidocaine and its major metabolite. After patch removal, the skin at the site was biopsied and also assayed for lidocaine. The patch produced steady-state lidocaine plasma concentrations. The bioavailability of transdermal lidocaine was 6.3 +/- 2.7% and only 56% of the total drug reached the systemic circulation. Skin lidocaine concentrations were much higher than plasma concentrations. Plasma lidocaine concentrations remained well below systemically toxic concentrations, and no obvious clinical side effects were observed in any of the cats. The researchers conclude that the low systemic absorption rate coupled with high local lidocaine concentrations in the skin support the safe use of lidocaine patches in cats.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weil, A. B., J. Ko, et al. (2007). "The use of lidocaine patches." Comp Contin Edu Pract Vet 29(4): 208-216.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Cat Receiving Lomustine

Skorupski, K. A., A. C. Durham, et al. (2008). "Pulmonary fibrosis after high cumulative dose nitrosourea chemotherapy in a cat." Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 6(2): 120-125.

Lomustine (CCNU) is an alkylating nitrosourea chemotherapy drug. In feline medicine, it has been used for cutaneous lymphoma and mast cell tumors. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are known complications, so close monitoring of blood cell parameters is necessary during treatment. In this case report, a cat diagnosed with alimentary lymphoma did poorly on several chemotherapeutic regimes. However, a long-term remission was achieved with lomustine and corticosteroid therapy. After 12 months of therapy, the cat died after an acute episode of respiratory distress. On post mortem examination, severe diffuse pulmonary fibrosis was identified. The cat had no previous history of pulmonary disease. This is the first report of pulmonary fibrosis following high cumulative dose nitrosourea chemotherapy in a cat.
>> Article Abstract

Related articles
Blog post: Lomustine for mast cell tumors in cats

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Lactoferrin for Cats with FIV

Kobayashi, S., R. Sato, et al. (2008). "Effect of bovine lactoferrin on functions of activated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection." J Vet Med Sci 70(5): 429-35.

Cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection have chronic overactivation of immune and inflammatory responses, resulting in immune dysfunction. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in immunological defense systems. A previous study by these researchers showed that oral administration of bovine LF improved clinical signs in FIV-infected cats with severe stomatitis. In this study, the in vitro effect of bovine LF on proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cytokine regulation was studied in blood samples from cats in the asymptomatic carrier and the AIDS-related complex phases of FIV. The results suggest that therapy with bovine LF may help modulate immune dysfunction in cats in the terminal stages of FIV infection, and further research is warranted.
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Related articles:
Sato, R., O. Inanami, et al. (1996). "Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-positive and FIV-negative cats." Am J Vet Res 57(10): 1443-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Hematuria Associated With Glomerular Disease in Abyssinian Cats

White, J. D., J. M. Norris, et al. (2008). "Persistent haematuria and proteinuria due to glomerular disease in related Abyssinian cats." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(3): 219-229.

Hematuria is a common problem in feline medicine, and may be caused by upper or lower urinary tract disease. In humans, glomerular disease is a common cause of hematuria. However, in dogs and cats, this is not typically the case. While renal failure is often diagnosed in cats, glomerular pathology is not usually present. The only known familial renal diseases in cats are renal amyloidosis in Abyssinians and polycystic kidney disease in Persians. This paper describes glomerular disease in eight, closely related young Abyssinian cats in Australia, characterised by hematuria and proteinuria.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Grauer, G. F. (2007). "Measurement, interpretation, and implications of proteinuria and albuminuria." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 37(2): 283-95, vi-vii.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs

Looney, A. L., M. W. Bohling, et al. (2008). "The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs." J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(1): 74-86.

Increasing attention has been focused on spay/neuter programs as tools for reduction of the euthanasia of unwanted and unowned cats (and dogs). There are many different types of programs in operation, such as mobile clinics, shelter services, feral cat programs, and various veterinarian-supported low cost programs. Many spay-neuter programs have been established to provide quality spay-neuter services to large numbers of cats and dogs. The proliferation and diversity of these programs has created a need for guidelines for appropriate veterinary medical care in these settings. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force consisting of 22 veterinarians from every region of the United States in December 2006. The guidelines they developed consist of recommendations for preoperative care, anesthetic management, surgical care, and postoperative care and are based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, microbiology, and surgical practice, as determined by means of reviews of the scientific literature and expert opinion.
>> Free full text article

Related articles:
Hughes, K. L., M. R. Slater, et al. (2002). "The effects of implementing a feral cat spay/neuter program in a Florida county animal control service." J Appl Anim Welf Sci 5(4): 285-98.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Tissue Doppler Imaging for Feline HCM

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2008). "Colour M-mode tissue Doppler imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Small Anim Pract 49(7): 330-338.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats. It appears to be hereditary in some families of cats, and genetic mutations causing HCM have been identified in the Maine Coon cat and Ragdoll cat. Definitive diagnosis of HCM is accomplished by ultrasound imaging. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a tool for quantification of myocardial function, and has been used in humans, dogs and cats. TDI may allow for improved identification of myocardial functional abnormalities, and may be superior to conventional ultrasound for identification of cats affected with HCM. Colour M-mode TDI is one of the applications of the TDI technique that has not yet been studied in cats. This prospective study was carried out to investigate the differences in some of the colour M-mode TDI indices between normal cats and cats with HCM. We hypothesised that these new TDI techniques would discriminate between the healthy and the diseased myocardium. Myocardial velocity gradient and mean myocardial velocities were measured by colour M-mode TDI in the left ventricular free wall of 20 normal cats and 17 cats with HCM. The study showed that myocardial velocity gradients recorded by colour M-mode TDI can discriminate between the healthy and diseased myocardium. This technique shows promise for discriminating normal from affected cats when screening cats for HCM.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Simpson, K. E., B. C. Devine, et al. (2007). "Assessment of the repeatability of feline echocardiography using conventional echocardiography and spectral pulse-wave Doppler tissue imaging techniques." Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(1): 58-68.
>> PubMed Abstract

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2003). "Peak mean myocardial velocities and velocity gradients measured by color m-mode tissue doppler imaging in healthy cats." J Vet Intern Med 17(4): 510-524.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Thymoma in a Cat

Fidel, J. L., I. S. Pargass, et al. (2008). "Granulocytopenia associated with thymoma in a domestic shorthaired cat." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44(4): 210-7.

Thymomas are uncommon tumours generally found in senior cats (median age 9.5 years). Diseases reportedly associated with thymomas in cats include paraneoplastic disorders, autoimmune diseases, myasthenia gravis, and exfoliative dermatitis. Granulocytopenia is reported to occur in humans with thymoma but has never been reported in cats. In this case report, a 5-year old spayed female cat with a mass in the cranial mediastinum was diagnosed with thymoma on biopsy of the mass. The tumor was treated with radiation therapy and responded well, but immune-mediated granulocytopenia developed. The granulocytopenia was successfully treated with prednisone and cyclosporine, eventually allowing for surgical removal of the thymoma.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Zitz, J. C., S. J. Birchard, et al. (2008). "Results of excision of thymoma in cats and dogs: 20 cases (1984-2005)." J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(8): 1186-92.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Prevalence of a Genetic Mutation for HCM in Maine Coon Cats

Fries, R., A. M. Heaney, et al. (2008). "Prevalence of the myosin-binding protein C mutation in Maine Coon cats." J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 893-896.

The most common cardiac disease of cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In several cat breeds, including the Maine Coon, the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Previously, a single base pair change in the myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) gene, which changes a conserved amino acid and alters protein conformation, was been identified in some Maine Coon cats with HCM. The prevalence of the MYBPC3 mutation in the Maine Coon cat population is not known, but genetic screening has allowed determination of the percentage of genetically affected cats worldwide. This retrospective study reviewed records of 3,310 samples submitted for evaluation of the Maine Coon MYBPC3 mutation to the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Laboratory database at Washington State University. In this population of cats, Maine Coons accounted for all the samples positive for this mutation. The worldwide percentage of Maine Coon cats carrying the MYBPC3 mutation was 34%.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Meurs, K., X. Sanchez, et al. (2005). "A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Hum Mol Genet 14(23): 3587-3593.
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Propofol for Cats with Hepatic Lipidosis

Posner, L. P., M. Asakawa, et al. (2008). "Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995-2004)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232(12): 1841-1843.

Hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease) is a common disease in cats and is typically found in obese cats that have suffered a period of inappetance. A significant part of successful treatment is nutritional supplemention, often given through a gastrotomy or esophagostomy tube. Feeding tubes must be placed under anesthesia, and care must be taken in the choice of anesthetic regime. Concern has been expressed over the use of propofol in cats with hepatic lipidosis since it is primarily metabolized via the liver, although there is also some extrahepatic metabolism. In this retrospective case series, the medical records of 44 cats (21 female, 23 male) with hepatic lipidosis admitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from January 1995 to December 2004 were examined. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 15 years, and body weights ranged from 1.8 to 9.0 kg. Twenty-seven of the cats had been administered propofol. There was no significant association between the use of propofol or the dosage of propofol and any risk factor, including the need for blood products, number of hours in the ICU, or survival. The use of propofol did not increase morbidity or mortality, and the researchers conclude that propofol can be given to cats with hepatic lipidosis for placement of a feeding tube.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Bley, C. R., M. Roos, et al. (2007). "Clinical assessment of repeated propofol-associated anesthesia in cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 231(9): 1347-53.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Vaccination of Kittens at the Time of Surgery

Reese, M. J., E. V. Patterson, et al. (2008). "Effects of anesthesia and surgery on serologic responses to vaccination in kittens." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233(1): 116-121.

There are many potential situations where it is desirable to vaccinate kittens at the time of spay or neuter surgery, such as in shelter situations where compliance with post-adoption recommendations is poor. Shelters commonly spay or neuter kittens at or near the time of vaccination. However, the effects of anesthesia and surgery on the immune response of kittens to vaccination is unknown. In this prospective controlled trial, 32 specific-pathogen free kittens were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: neutering at 7, 8, 9 weeks of age, or no neutering. All kittens received a modified live virus vaccine against feline herpesvirus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) at 8, 11, and 14 weeks of age. Rabies vaccine was administered at 14 weeks of age. Serum antibody titers against FHV, FCV, FPV and rabies were determined at various time points. Serologic responses of kittens spayed or neutered at the time of vaccination were not different from the other groups. Importantly, many kittens that were last vaccinated at 14 weeks of age had inadequate antibody titers at 17 weeks. The researchers conclude that kittens may be vaccinated in the perioperative period when necessary, and the last vaccination should be given no earlier than 16 weeks of age.
>> JAVMA Abstract

Related articles:
Poulet, H. (2007). "Alternative early life vaccination programs for companion animals." J Comp Pathol 137 Suppl 1: S67-71.
>> PubMed Abstract

Richards, J. R., T. H. Elston, et al. (2006). "The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report." J Am Vet Med Assoc 229(9): 1405-41.
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Management of Feline Dystocia

Pretzer, S. D. (2008). "Medical management of canine and feline dystocia." Theriogenology 70(3): 332-336.

Dystocia is derived from the Greek "dys" and "tokos", meaning a difficult, painful or abnormal parturition. It is not always easy to differentiate normal labor and delivery from dystocia. There are several potential causes for dystocia in the queen, only some of which are amenable to medical management. Educated and careful decision making is aided by a thorough history and physical examination, as well as certain diagnostic tests. This review article describes the decision making process for instituting medical management for dystocia in the queen, as well as the available therapeutic options.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Traas, A. M. (2008). "Surgical management of canine and feline dystocia." Theriogenology 70(3): 337-342.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Care of Neonatal Kittens

Lawler, D. F. (2008). "Neonatal and pediatric care of the puppy and kitten." Theriogenology 70(3): 384-392.

The few weeks from birth to weaning is an intensive period of adjustment to the extrauterine environment and preparation for the stresses of post-weaning development. The first 4 weeks of life are a high-risk time for abnormal developmental problems, environmental stressors, and infectious diseases. This review article covers the most common problems veterinarians may face in kittens from birth to weaning, such as low birth weight, hypoxia, failure of passive transfer, hypoglycemia, dehydration, and nutrition.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Sparkes, A. H., K. Rogers, et al. (2006). "A questionnaire-based study of gestation, parturition and neonatal mortality in pedigree breeding cats in the UK." J Feline Med Surg 8(3): 145-57.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Effect of Energy Restriction on Feline Weight Loss

Villaverde, C., J. J. Ramsey, et al. (2008). "Energy restriction results in a mass-adjusted decrease in energy expenditure in cats that is maintained after weight regain." J Nutr 138(5): 856-60.

Treatment of obesity in cats can be frustrating, even if appropriate energy restriction (ER) is employed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ER causes a long-term decrease in mass-adjusted energy expenditure (EE). Such a decrease in EE would impair weight loss and even promote regaining lost weight. EE and body composition were measured in 10 obese neutered adult cats (average body weight 6.1 kg, body condition score 7.6/9.0, fat mass 38%) at 3 time points: at baseline, during weight loss (40% ER), and after regaining weight. After weight loss, the average body weight was 5.0 kg, body condition score was 5.5/9.0, and fat mass was 31%. After a period of regaining weight, the average body weight was 6.2 kg, body condition score was 7.7/9.0, and fat mass was 42%. The total EE was significantly lower than baseline during weight loss, and remained lower than baseline even after weight regain. The results support the suggestion that ER results in a sustained mass-adjusted decrease in EE in cats.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weinsier, R. L., T. R. Nagy, et al. (2000). "Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate favor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory." Am J Clin Nutr 72(5): 1088-94.
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