Heart disease in pedigreed cats

Trehiou-Sechi E, Tissier R, Gouni V, et al. Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: a retrospective analysis of 344 Cases (2001–2011). J Vet Intern Med. 2012; 26: 532-41.
 
A common form of heart disease in cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and it is associated with risk of sudden death. HCM has been shown to be inherited in some breeds though few studies have looked at comparisons of HCM phenotype and survival according to breed. The authors performed a retrospective study of 344 cats from 5 different breeds (Persian, Domestic Shorthair, Sphynx, Maine Coon, and Chartreux) having primary HCM diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. In this group, 266 cats were asymptomatic and 78 were symptomatic. Most of the symptomatic cats exhibited congestive heart failure, aortic thromboembolism, syncope, and weakness.

The age at the first cardiac event was significantly lower in Maine Coons (2.5 years) versus other breeds (7 years). In Sphynx, the age at the time of diagnosis was 3.5 years. Concerning sudden death solely, Maine Coon cats died younger than other breeds. No sudden deaths were reported in Chartreux and Persian cats in this study. Sudden death was observed in only 3 breeds—Maine Coon, Domestic Shorthair, and Sphynx. All cats surviving longer than 15 years of age were Domestic Shorthair, Persians, or Chartreux. From the results of this study, it appears that feline HCM is characterized by marked phenotypic variability with several breed-dependent features with regard to epidemiological characteristics, left ventricular geometric patterns, age at the time of diagnosis, and decompensation events. [VT]

See also: Silverman SJ, Stern JA and Meurs KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat: A retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and heritable etiology. J Feline Med Surg. 2012; 14: 246-9.

For more information: Other blog articles on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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Trehiou-Sechi E, Tissier R, Gouni V, et al. Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: a retrospective analysis of 344 Cases (2001–2011). J Vet Intern Med. 2012; 26: 532-41.
 
A common form of heart disease in cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and it is associated with risk of sudden death. HCM has been shown to be inherited in some breeds though few studies have looked at comparisons of HCM phenotype and survival according to breed. The authors performed a retrospective study of 344 cats from 5 different breeds (Persian, Domestic Shorthair, Sphynx, Maine Coon, and Chartreux) having primary HCM diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. In this group, 266 cats were asymptomatic and 78 were symptomatic. Most of the symptomatic cats exhibited congestive heart failure, aortic thromboembolism, syncope, and weakness.

The age at the first cardiac event was significantly lower in Maine Coons (2.5 years) versus other breeds (7 years). In Sphynx, the age at the time of diagnosis was 3.5 years. Concerning sudden death solely, Maine Coon cats died younger than other breeds. No sudden deaths were reported in Chartreux and Persian cats in this study. Sudden death was observed in only 3 breeds—Maine Coon, Domestic Shorthair, and Sphynx. All cats surviving longer than 15 years of age were Domestic Shorthair, Persians, or Chartreux. From the results of this study, it appears that feline HCM is characterized by marked phenotypic variability with several breed-dependent features with regard to epidemiological characteristics, left ventricular geometric patterns, age at the time of diagnosis, and decompensation events. [VT]

See also: Silverman SJ, Stern JA and Meurs KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat: A retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and heritable etiology. J Feline Med Surg. 2012; 14: 246-9.

For more information: Other blog articles on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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Anesthesia safety for cats with heart disease

Final report, Winn/Miller Trust grant MT10-001
Does treatment of anesthetic-induced hypotension with dopamine or phenylephrine cause myocardial damage in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Investigators: Bruno Pypendop, Ashley Wiese, Linda Barter, Jan Ilkiw
University of California, Davis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats. The development and complications of hypotension (low blood pressure) in anesthetized cats is a concern for both healthy cats and cats with HCM. Persistent hypotension in healthy anesthetized cats is treated with the administration of drugs such as dopamine. Blood pressure can also be increased by administration of another type of drug, phenylephrine. The effects of these drugs on cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure have not been investigated in anesthetized cats with HCM. 

The investigators studied the cardiopulmonary effects of dopamine and phenylephrine during isoflurane-induced hypotension in 6 cats with severe naturally occurring HCM. The results indicated that both dopamine and phenylephrine induced dose-dependent increases in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure, yet only dopamine resulted in increased cardiac output. Anesthesia-induced hypotension and the infusions of dopamine and phenylephrine caused a significant increase in cardiac troponin I, a sensitive and specific biochemical marker for myocardial damage. The authors suggest that based on the study results, dopamine is superior to phenylephrine if the goal of treatment of inhalation anesthetic-induced hypotension in cats with non-obstructive HCM is to restore blood pressure through an increase in cardiac output. [VT]

Wiese AJ, Barter LS, Ilkiw JE, Kittleson MD and Pypendop BH. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of incremental doses of dopamine and phenylephrine in the management of isoflurane-induced hypotension in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Vet Res. 2012; 73: 908-16.

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Final report, Winn/Miller Trust grant MT10-001
Does treatment of anesthetic-induced hypotension with dopamine or phenylephrine cause myocardial damage in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Investigators: Bruno Pypendop, Ashley Wiese, Linda Barter, Jan Ilkiw
University of California, Davis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats. The development and complications of hypotension (low blood pressure) in anesthetized cats is a concern for both healthy cats and cats with HCM. Persistent hypotension in healthy anesthetized cats is treated with the administration of drugs such as dopamine. Blood pressure can also be increased by administration of another type of drug, phenylephrine. The effects of these drugs on cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure have not been investigated in anesthetized cats with HCM. 

The investigators studied the cardiopulmonary effects of dopamine and phenylephrine during isoflurane-induced hypotension in 6 cats with severe naturally occurring HCM. The results indicated that both dopamine and phenylephrine induced dose-dependent increases in systemic and pulmonary blood pressure, yet only dopamine resulted in increased cardiac output. Anesthesia-induced hypotension and the infusions of dopamine and phenylephrine caused a significant increase in cardiac troponin I, a sensitive and specific biochemical marker for myocardial damage. The authors suggest that based on the study results, dopamine is superior to phenylephrine if the goal of treatment of inhalation anesthetic-induced hypotension in cats with non-obstructive HCM is to restore blood pressure through an increase in cardiac output. [VT]

Wiese AJ, Barter LS, Ilkiw JE, Kittleson MD and Pypendop BH. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of incremental doses of dopamine and phenylephrine in the management of isoflurane-induced hypotension in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Vet Res. 2012; 73: 908-16.

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Heart disease in Siberian cats

Progress report, Winn grant MT08-001
SNP analysis in Siberian cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Investigator: Robert A. Grahn, University of California-Davis
 
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disorder of domestic cats. The disease has been identified in many breeds, such as the Maine Coon, Ragdoll, American Shorthair, Devon Rex, Sphynx, Bengal, and Siberian. Mutations in the gene MYBPC3 have been found in Ragdolls and Maine Coons with HCM, but this mutation is not known to be responsible for HCM in other breeds to date. Feline HCM closely resembles human HCM which results from mutations in any of 7 candidate genes. Over 100 samples from Siberian cats have been submitted to the investigator’s lab for HCM testing. So far, a number of candidate genes have been eliminated as the cause of HCM in this breed. One chromosomal region has been identified that has likelihood of linkage to the disease. In humans, this genomic region is associated with cardiovascular disease, so it appears to be a likely candidate for HCM in the Siberian cat and research is ongoing. [MK]

See also: Meurs KM, Norgard MM, Kuan M, et al. Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:840-843.

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Progress report, Winn grant MT08-001
SNP analysis in Siberian cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Investigator: Robert A. Grahn, University of California-Davis
 
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disorder of domestic cats. The disease has been identified in many breeds, such as the Maine Coon, Ragdoll, American Shorthair, Devon Rex, Sphynx, Bengal, and Siberian. Mutations in the gene MYBPC3 have been found in Ragdolls and Maine Coons with HCM, but this mutation is not known to be responsible for HCM in other breeds to date. Feline HCM closely resembles human HCM which results from mutations in any of 7 candidate genes. Over 100 samples from Siberian cats have been submitted to the investigator’s lab for HCM testing. So far, a number of candidate genes have been eliminated as the cause of HCM in this breed. One chromosomal region has been identified that has likelihood of linkage to the disease. In humans, this genomic region is associated with cardiovascular disease, so it appears to be a likely candidate for HCM in the Siberian cat and research is ongoing. [MK]

See also: Meurs KM, Norgard MM, Kuan M, et al. Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:840-843.

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Treatment of blood clots in cats with heart disease

Each year, the Winn Feline Foundation receives proposals from veterinary researchers around the world who are interested in improving feline health. To date, Winn’s cumulative total in feline health research funding exceeds $4 million. Forty-four proposals were submitted by researchers seeking funding in this review cycle. This year, our team of veterinary consultants helped Winn select 10 projects for funding, for a total of $174,018. Here is one of those projects:

W12-037

The efficacy of bosentan, a mixed ETa ETb receptor antagonist, in cats with arterial thromboembolism

Investigators: Elizabeth Rozanski, Gareth Buckley; Tufts University

A Ricky Fund Project

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a very common heart disease in cats. One of the most devastating complications of heart disease is development of blood clots called feline aortic thromboembolism (ATE), which cuts off the blood supply to one or more limbs. ATE is associated with a survival rate of less than 40% despite multiple efforts to try to improve outcomes. It is important to cats and their owners to be able to offer an intervention that improves survival with a good quality of life. Cats are recognized to have “reactive” blood vessels, and this response may worsen the outcome in ATE. The arteries in cats suffering from ATE will release various chemicals including one called endothelin. Endothelin causes an increased tendency to form more clots, and promotes severe inflammation and narrowing of collateral vessels supplying areas behind the site of the clot. Bosentan is a drug used successfully in people to treat various diseases such as coronary artery disease. This study looks to determine the effectiveness of bosentan in the treatment of cats with ATE.

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Each year, the Winn Feline Foundation receives proposals from veterinary researchers around the world who are interested in improving feline health. To date, Winn’s cumulative total in feline health research funding exceeds $4 million. Forty-four proposals were submitted by researchers seeking funding in this review cycle. This year, our team of veterinary consultants helped Winn select 10 projects for funding, for a total of $174,018. Here is one of those projects:

W12-037

The efficacy of bosentan, a mixed ETa ETb receptor antagonist, in cats with arterial thromboembolism

Investigators: Elizabeth Rozanski, Gareth Buckley; Tufts University

A Ricky Fund Project

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a very common heart disease in cats. One of the most devastating complications of heart disease is development of blood clots called feline aortic thromboembolism (ATE), which cuts off the blood supply to one or more limbs. ATE is associated with a survival rate of less than 40% despite multiple efforts to try to improve outcomes. It is important to cats and their owners to be able to offer an intervention that improves survival with a good quality of life. Cats are recognized to have “reactive” blood vessels, and this response may worsen the outcome in ATE. The arteries in cats suffering from ATE will release various chemicals including one called endothelin. Endothelin causes an increased tendency to form more clots, and promotes severe inflammation and narrowing of collateral vessels supplying areas behind the site of the clot. Bosentan is a drug used successfully in people to treat various diseases such as coronary artery disease. This study looks to determine the effectiveness of bosentan in the treatment of cats with ATE.

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat

Silverman SJ, Stern JA, Meurs KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat: A retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and heritable etiology. J Feline Med Surg 2012;14:246-249.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of heart disease in the cat. HCM is a heritable disease in some breeds of cats such as the Maine Coon and Ragdoll. Distinct causative mutations have been found in these breeds and there may be other clinical presentations. This suggests that HCM In cats is a diverse disease. The Sphynx breed has been reported to have a predilection for HCM. The records of 18 cats (11 female, 7 male) were evaluated for characteristics of HCM and for a familial etiology. The age range of affected cats was 0.5 to 7 years (median, 2 years). The results indicate a familial disease, at least in some cases, with multiple (four) affected cats occurring within one family. The mode of inheritance suggests an autosomal dominant trait similar to that of the Maine Coon, though a prospective breeding project would be needed to determine the exact mode. The age of onset appears to be younger in Sphynx than other cat breeds studied. Further studies are warranted to evaluate for a causative mutation. [VT]

Winn has recently funded grant W12-009: Fine mapping for Sphynx cat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene.

Related articles: Meurs KM, Norgard MM, Kuan M, et al. Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:840-843. 

More on cat health:
Winn Feline Foundation Library
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Silverman SJ, Stern JA, Meurs KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat: A retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and heritable etiology. J Feline Med Surg 2012;14:246-249.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of heart disease in the cat. HCM is a heritable disease in some breeds of cats such as the Maine Coon and Ragdoll. Distinct causative mutations have been found in these breeds and there may be other clinical presentations. This suggests that HCM In cats is a diverse disease. The Sphynx breed has been reported to have a predilection for HCM. The records of 18 cats (11 female, 7 male) were evaluated for characteristics of HCM and for a familial etiology. The age range of affected cats was 0.5 to 7 years (median, 2 years). The results indicate a familial disease, at least in some cases, with multiple (four) affected cats occurring within one family. The mode of inheritance suggests an autosomal dominant trait similar to that of the Maine Coon, though a prospective breeding project would be needed to determine the exact mode. The age of onset appears to be younger in Sphynx than other cat breeds studied. Further studies are warranted to evaluate for a causative mutation. [VT]

Winn has recently funded grant W12-009: Fine mapping for Sphynx cat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene.

Related articles: Meurs KM, Norgard MM, Kuan M, et al. Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:840-843. 

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Cardiac Biomarkers in Feline Heart Disease

Singh MK, Cocchiaro MF, Kittleson MD: NT-proBNP measurement fails to reliably identify subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon cats, J Feline Med Surg 12:942, 2010.

Natriuretic peptide concentrations have become sensitive, specific and reliable in recognizing and managing heart disease and failure in human patients. The development of a feline commercial assay for a natriuretic peptide called NT-proBNP has elevated interest in its use as a biomarker for feline cardiac disease. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be found in the Maine Coons as well as other cats. Disease can range from mild to severe and affected cats can show no clinical signs, making detection by physical examination very difficult. This study measured plasma NT-proBNP concentrations in 35 Maine Coon cats that had a previous classification of normal, equivocal, moderate or severe HCM via echocardiography. It was found that cats with severe HCM had a significantly higher NT-proBNP concentration compared with the other groups. However, 56% of cats with severe disease in this study would have been considered normal based on a NT-proBNP concentration; the sensitivity for diagnosing severe disease was only 44% (at a cutoff of ≤100 pmol/l). For any other condition less than severe HCM, the measurement of NT-proBNP concentration was found to be insensitive. Cats with equivocal and moderate disease were not identified by this assay. This study indicates that NT-proBNP measurement is not an accurate screening tool for the diagnosis of HCM in this population of Maine Coon cats. [VT]

Related articles:
Connolly DJ: Natriuretic peptides: the feline experience, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:559, 2010.

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Singh MK, Cocchiaro MF, Kittleson MD: NT-proBNP measurement fails to reliably identify subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Maine Coon cats, J Feline Med Surg 12:942, 2010.

Natriuretic peptide concentrations have become sensitive, specific and reliable in recognizing and managing heart disease and failure in human patients. The development of a feline commercial assay for a natriuretic peptide called NT-proBNP has elevated interest in its use as a biomarker for feline cardiac disease. Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be found in the Maine Coons as well as other cats. Disease can range from mild to severe and affected cats can show no clinical signs, making detection by physical examination very difficult. This study measured plasma NT-proBNP concentrations in 35 Maine Coon cats that had a previous classification of normal, equivocal, moderate or severe HCM via echocardiography. It was found that cats with severe HCM had a significantly higher NT-proBNP concentration compared with the other groups. However, 56% of cats with severe disease in this study would have been considered normal based on a NT-proBNP concentration; the sensitivity for diagnosing severe disease was only 44% (at a cutoff of ≤100 pmol/l). For any other condition less than severe HCM, the measurement of NT-proBNP concentration was found to be insensitive. Cats with equivocal and moderate disease were not identified by this assay. This study indicates that NT-proBNP measurement is not an accurate screening tool for the diagnosis of HCM in this population of Maine Coon cats. [VT]

Related articles:
Connolly DJ: Natriuretic peptides: the feline experience, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:559, 2010.

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Investigating the Genetic Causes of HCM

Meurs, K.M., et al., Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med, 2009. 23(4): p. 840-3.

The most common heart disease in cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A causative mutation has been identified in two breeds, the Maine Coon (MC) and Ragdoll that involve the cardiac myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3). HCM is thought to be inherited in other breeds as well. The objective of the study was to evaluate a subset of cats from additional breeds with HCM including the British Shorthair (BSH), Norwegian Forest Cat (NWF), Siberian, and Sphynx and to also examine MC cats known to be affected with HCM but lacking the known mutation. Fourteen affected cats among these breeds were evaluated. A causative mutation was not identified in the eight candidate genes studied, although several single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected. The study concluded that mutations within these cardiac genes do not appear to be the only cause of HCM in these breeds. Further evaluation of additional cardiac genes is considered warranted. (VT)
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Meurs, K.M., et al., A substitution mutation in the myosin binding protein C gene in ragdoll hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genomics, 2007. 90(2): p. 261-4.
>> PubMed Abstract

Meurs, K., et al., A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet, 2005. 14(23): p. 3587-3593.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
Join us on Facebook

Meurs, K.M., et al., Analysis of 8 sarcomeric candidate genes for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med, 2009. 23(4): p. 840-3.

The most common heart disease in cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A causative mutation has been identified in two breeds, the Maine Coon (MC) and Ragdoll that involve the cardiac myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3). HCM is thought to be inherited in other breeds as well. The objective of the study was to evaluate a subset of cats from additional breeds with HCM including the British Shorthair (BSH), Norwegian Forest Cat (NWF), Siberian, and Sphynx and to also examine MC cats known to be affected with HCM but lacking the known mutation. Fourteen affected cats among these breeds were evaluated. A causative mutation was not identified in the eight candidate genes studied, although several single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected. The study concluded that mutations within these cardiac genes do not appear to be the only cause of HCM in these breeds. Further evaluation of additional cardiac genes is considered warranted. (VT)
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Meurs, K.M., et al., A substitution mutation in the myosin binding protein C gene in ragdoll hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genomics, 2007. 90(2): p. 261-4.
>> PubMed Abstract

Meurs, K., et al., A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet, 2005. 14(23): p. 3587-3593.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Heart Disease in Cats

Paige, C. F., J. A. Abbott, et al. (2009). "Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(11): 1398-1403.

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the relationship between cardiomyopathy and heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats. The study included 103 privately owned and apparently healthy cats that were physically and echocardiographically examined independently by two investigators. Left ventricular wall thickness was determined using 2-dimensional echocardiography in short-axis and long-axis views. Sixteen of the cats examined had heart murmurs detected; of these, 5 had cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was also identified in 16 cats; 15 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and one had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The sensitivity and specificity of auscultatory detection of a heart murmur for diagnosis of cardiomyopathy were 31% and 87%, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that cardiomyopathy is common in healthy cats. In addition, detection of a heart murmur is not a reliable indicator of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Rush, J., L. Freeman, et al. (2002). "Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990-1999)." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 220(2): 202-207.
>> PubMed Abstract

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Join us on Facebook

Paige, C. F., J. A. Abbott, et al. (2009). "Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats." J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(11): 1398-1403.

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the relationship between cardiomyopathy and heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats. The study included 103 privately owned and apparently healthy cats that were physically and echocardiographically examined independently by two investigators. Left ventricular wall thickness was determined using 2-dimensional echocardiography in short-axis and long-axis views. Sixteen of the cats examined had heart murmurs detected; of these, 5 had cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was also identified in 16 cats; 15 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and one had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The sensitivity and specificity of auscultatory detection of a heart murmur for diagnosis of cardiomyopathy were 31% and 87%, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that cardiomyopathy is common in healthy cats. In addition, detection of a heart murmur is not a reliable indicator of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Rush, J., L. Freeman, et al. (2002). "Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990-1999)." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 220(2): 202-207.
>> PubMed Abstract

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Tissue Doppler Imaging for Feline HCM

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2008). "Colour M-mode tissue Doppler imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Small Anim Pract 49(7): 330-338.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats. It appears to be hereditary in some families of cats, and genetic mutations causing HCM have been identified in the Maine Coon cat and Ragdoll cat. Definitive diagnosis of HCM is accomplished by ultrasound imaging. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a tool for quantification of myocardial function, and has been used in humans, dogs and cats. TDI may allow for improved identification of myocardial functional abnormalities, and may be superior to conventional ultrasound for identification of cats affected with HCM. Colour M-mode TDI is one of the applications of the TDI technique that has not yet been studied in cats. This prospective study was carried out to investigate the differences in some of the colour M-mode TDI indices between normal cats and cats with HCM. We hypothesised that these new TDI techniques would discriminate between the healthy and the diseased myocardium. Myocardial velocity gradient and mean myocardial velocities were measured by colour M-mode TDI in the left ventricular free wall of 20 normal cats and 17 cats with HCM. The study showed that myocardial velocity gradients recorded by colour M-mode TDI can discriminate between the healthy and diseased myocardium. This technique shows promise for discriminating normal from affected cats when screening cats for HCM.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Simpson, K. E., B. C. Devine, et al. (2007). "Assessment of the repeatability of feline echocardiography using conventional echocardiography and spectral pulse-wave Doppler tissue imaging techniques." Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(1): 58-68.
>> PubMed Abstract

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2003). "Peak mean myocardial velocities and velocity gradients measured by color m-mode tissue doppler imaging in healthy cats." J Vet Intern Med 17(4): 510-524.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2008). "Colour M-mode tissue Doppler imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Small Anim Pract 49(7): 330-338.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats. It appears to be hereditary in some families of cats, and genetic mutations causing HCM have been identified in the Maine Coon cat and Ragdoll cat. Definitive diagnosis of HCM is accomplished by ultrasound imaging. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a tool for quantification of myocardial function, and has been used in humans, dogs and cats. TDI may allow for improved identification of myocardial functional abnormalities, and may be superior to conventional ultrasound for identification of cats affected with HCM. Colour M-mode TDI is one of the applications of the TDI technique that has not yet been studied in cats. This prospective study was carried out to investigate the differences in some of the colour M-mode TDI indices between normal cats and cats with HCM. We hypothesised that these new TDI techniques would discriminate between the healthy and the diseased myocardium. Myocardial velocity gradient and mean myocardial velocities were measured by colour M-mode TDI in the left ventricular free wall of 20 normal cats and 17 cats with HCM. The study showed that myocardial velocity gradients recorded by colour M-mode TDI can discriminate between the healthy and diseased myocardium. This technique shows promise for discriminating normal from affected cats when screening cats for HCM.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Simpson, K. E., B. C. Devine, et al. (2007). "Assessment of the repeatability of feline echocardiography using conventional echocardiography and spectral pulse-wave Doppler tissue imaging techniques." Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48(1): 58-68.
>> PubMed Abstract

Koffas, H., J. Dukes-McEwan, et al. (2003). "Peak mean myocardial velocities and velocity gradients measured by color m-mode tissue doppler imaging in healthy cats." J Vet Intern Med 17(4): 510-524.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Prevalence of a Genetic Mutation for HCM in Maine Coon Cats

Fries, R., A. M. Heaney, et al. (2008). "Prevalence of the myosin-binding protein C mutation in Maine Coon cats." J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 893-896.

The most common cardiac disease of cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In several cat breeds, including the Maine Coon, the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Previously, a single base pair change in the myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) gene, which changes a conserved amino acid and alters protein conformation, was been identified in some Maine Coon cats with HCM. The prevalence of the MYBPC3 mutation in the Maine Coon cat population is not known, but genetic screening has allowed determination of the percentage of genetically affected cats worldwide. This retrospective study reviewed records of 3,310 samples submitted for evaluation of the Maine Coon MYBPC3 mutation to the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Laboratory database at Washington State University. In this population of cats, Maine Coons accounted for all the samples positive for this mutation. The worldwide percentage of Maine Coon cats carrying the MYBPC3 mutation was 34%.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Meurs, K., X. Sanchez, et al. (2005). "A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Hum Mol Genet 14(23): 3587-3593.
>> Free full text article

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Fries, R., A. M. Heaney, et al. (2008). "Prevalence of the myosin-binding protein C mutation in Maine Coon cats." J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 893-896.

The most common cardiac disease of cats is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In several cat breeds, including the Maine Coon, the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Previously, a single base pair change in the myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) gene, which changes a conserved amino acid and alters protein conformation, was been identified in some Maine Coon cats with HCM. The prevalence of the MYBPC3 mutation in the Maine Coon cat population is not known, but genetic screening has allowed determination of the percentage of genetically affected cats worldwide. This retrospective study reviewed records of 3,310 samples submitted for evaluation of the Maine Coon MYBPC3 mutation to the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Laboratory database at Washington State University. In this population of cats, Maine Coons accounted for all the samples positive for this mutation. The worldwide percentage of Maine Coon cats carrying the MYBPC3 mutation was 34%.
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Meurs, K., X. Sanchez, et al. (2005). "A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Hum Mol Genet 14(23): 3587-3593.
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Feline Cardiomyopathy and Thromboembolism

Winn funded research

Stokol, T., M. Brooks, et al. (2008). "Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 22(3): 546-552.

Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a serious and often fatal complication of cardiomyopathy in cats. Thromboemboli are believed to originate from clots in the left atrium or left atrial appendage. The factors causing clot formation are not fully understood. In this study, the researchers hypothesized that cats with cardiomyopathy develop ATE because they are in a systemic hypercoagulable state or have underlying endothelial (arterial or endocardial) injury. Healthy cats (n=30) and 3 groups of cats with cardiomyopathy were studied. Group 1 cats had left atrial enlargement (LAE) only. Group 2 cats had LAE with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, atrial thrombi or both. Group 3 cats had acute ATE with LAE. Coagulation status was assessed in all three groups, including fibroginogen, Factor VIII, antithrombin, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer concentrations. The 3 groups of cats with cardiac disease had higher median fibrinogen concentrations than did the healthy cats. Criteria of hypercoagulability were found exclusively in group 2 and group 3 cats. Hypercoagulability was not associated with left atrial size or congestive heart failure. Systemic hypercoagulability is evident in many cats with cardiomyopathy, often without concurrent congestive heart failure or overt ATE, and may represent a risk factor for ATE. The researchers concluded that the pathogenesis of ATE is multifactorial and therefore treatment and prevention of this syndrome might involve drug combinations modulating hemostasis and inflammatory pathways.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

Bedard, C., A. Lanevschi-Pietersma, et al. (2007). "Evaluation of coagulation markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Clin Pathol 36(2): 167-72.

>> PubMed abstract

Brazzell, J. L. and D. L. Borjesson (2007). "Evaluation of plasma antithrombin activity and D-dimer concentration in populations of healthy cats, clinically ill cats, and cats with cardiomyopathy." Vet Clin Pathol 36(1): 79-84.

>> PubMed abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Winn funded research

Stokol, T., M. Brooks, et al. (2008). "Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 22(3): 546-552.

Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a serious and often fatal complication of cardiomyopathy in cats. Thromboemboli are believed to originate from clots in the left atrium or left atrial appendage. The factors causing clot formation are not fully understood. In this study, the researchers hypothesized that cats with cardiomyopathy develop ATE because they are in a systemic hypercoagulable state or have underlying endothelial (arterial or endocardial) injury. Healthy cats (n=30) and 3 groups of cats with cardiomyopathy were studied. Group 1 cats had left atrial enlargement (LAE) only. Group 2 cats had LAE with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, atrial thrombi or both. Group 3 cats had acute ATE with LAE. Coagulation status was assessed in all three groups, including fibroginogen, Factor VIII, antithrombin, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and D-dimer concentrations. The 3 groups of cats with cardiac disease had higher median fibrinogen concentrations than did the healthy cats. Criteria of hypercoagulability were found exclusively in group 2 and group 3 cats. Hypercoagulability was not associated with left atrial size or congestive heart failure. Systemic hypercoagulability is evident in many cats with cardiomyopathy, often without concurrent congestive heart failure or overt ATE, and may represent a risk factor for ATE. The researchers concluded that the pathogenesis of ATE is multifactorial and therefore treatment and prevention of this syndrome might involve drug combinations modulating hemostasis and inflammatory pathways.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

Bedard, C., A. Lanevschi-Pietersma, et al. (2007). "Evaluation of coagulation markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Clin Pathol 36(2): 167-72.

>> PubMed abstract

Brazzell, J. L. and D. L. Borjesson (2007). "Evaluation of plasma antithrombin activity and D-dimer concentration in populations of healthy cats, clinically ill cats, and cats with cardiomyopathy." Vet Clin Pathol 36(1): 79-84.

>> PubMed abstract

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Spironolactone in Cats With Heart Disease

Macdonald, K. A., M. D. Kittleson, et al. (2008). "Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and left ventricular mass in Maine Coon cats with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 22(2): 335-41.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary myocardial disease affecting the left ventricle. Some of the pathologic abnormalities found in HCM are myocardial fibrosis and concentric hypertrophy. Treatments that would reverse these pathologic changes would be beneficial. In a rat model of HCM, spironolactone reversed interstitial fibrosis, decreased myocyte disarray by 50%, and improved diastolic function within 10 weeks of treatment. The goal of this study was to evaluate spironolactone treatment of Maine Coon cats with HCM for its ability to improve diastolic function and reduce left ventricular mass. The study enrolled 26 Maine Coon cats with familial HCM and randomized them into two groups. One group received spironolactone (2 mg/kg, PO, BID) and the other group received placebo for 4 months. No significant treatment effect on cardiac function or left ventricular mass was identified. Severe facial dermatitis developed in 4 of the 13 cats receiving spironolactone, requiring discontinuation of therapy.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

Winn funded research

Meurs, K., X. Sanchez, et al. (2005). "A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Hum Mol Genet 14(23): 3587-3593.

>> PubMed abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Macdonald, K. A., M. D. Kittleson, et al. (2008). "Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and left ventricular mass in Maine Coon cats with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 22(2): 335-41.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary myocardial disease affecting the left ventricle. Some of the pathologic abnormalities found in HCM are myocardial fibrosis and concentric hypertrophy. Treatments that would reverse these pathologic changes would be beneficial. In a rat model of HCM, spironolactone reversed interstitial fibrosis, decreased myocyte disarray by 50%, and improved diastolic function within 10 weeks of treatment. The goal of this study was to evaluate spironolactone treatment of Maine Coon cats with HCM for its ability to improve diastolic function and reduce left ventricular mass. The study enrolled 26 Maine Coon cats with familial HCM and randomized them into two groups. One group received spironolactone (2 mg/kg, PO, BID) and the other group received placebo for 4 months. No significant treatment effect on cardiac function or left ventricular mass was identified. Severe facial dermatitis developed in 4 of the 13 cats receiving spironolactone, requiring discontinuation of therapy.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

Winn funded research

Meurs, K., X. Sanchez, et al. (2005). "A cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation in the Maine Coon cat with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Hum Mol Genet 14(23): 3587-3593.

>> PubMed abstract

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Biochemical Markers for Feline Heart Disease

Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.

Natriuretic peptides are hormones produced by cardiac muscle cells, and include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). These hormones are released in response to stretching of the atria (ANP) and ventricles (BNP), and are responsible for regulation of body fluids and blood pressure. The forms of these hormones measured in circulation are NT-proANP and NT-proBNP. In human medicine, these biochemical markers are used as patient-side tests for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac disease. In people with HCM, NT-proBNP is increased and correlates with severity of disease. Increased concentrations of BNP have been reported in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF). In this study, serum NT-proANP and NT-proBNP levels were measured in 28 healthy control cats and 50 cats with heart disease. Of the 50 cats with heart disease, 33 were in CHF while the remaining 17 were not. The study found that both markers were able to distinguish cats with heart disease from normal cats, but NT-proBNP was able to distinguish cats without CHF from normal cats. With further investigation, it may be possible to use NT-proBNP as a screening test for heart disease in cats. Any cats with positive test results should be evaluated with a more specific test, such as echocardiography, for false positives are possible.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

MacLean, H. N., J. A. Abbott, et al. (2006). "N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity in plasma of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 20(2): 284-9.

>> PubMed abstract

Winn funded research

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.

>> PubMed abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.

Natriuretic peptides are hormones produced by cardiac muscle cells, and include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). These hormones are released in response to stretching of the atria (ANP) and ventricles (BNP), and are responsible for regulation of body fluids and blood pressure. The forms of these hormones measured in circulation are NT-proANP and NT-proBNP. In human medicine, these biochemical markers are used as patient-side tests for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac disease. In people with HCM, NT-proBNP is increased and correlates with severity of disease. Increased concentrations of BNP have been reported in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF). In this study, serum NT-proANP and NT-proBNP levels were measured in 28 healthy control cats and 50 cats with heart disease. Of the 50 cats with heart disease, 33 were in CHF while the remaining 17 were not. The study found that both markers were able to distinguish cats with heart disease from normal cats, but NT-proBNP was able to distinguish cats without CHF from normal cats. With further investigation, it may be possible to use NT-proBNP as a screening test for heart disease in cats. Any cats with positive test results should be evaluated with a more specific test, such as echocardiography, for false positives are possible.

>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:

MacLean, H. N., J. A. Abbott, et al. (2006). "N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity in plasma of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." J Vet Intern Med 20(2): 284-9.

>> PubMed abstract

Winn funded research

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.

>> PubMed abstract

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Pericardial Effusion in Cats

Davidson, B. J., A. C. Paling, et al. (2008). "Disease association and clinical assessment of feline pericardial effusion." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44(1): 5-9.

Records of 83 cats with pericardial effusion diagnosed at Washington State University and the University of California (Davis) were reviewed to determine the main causes and clinical significance. The most common causes were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with congestive heart failure, cancer, and systemic infection. Most affected cats also had pleural effusion or pulmonary edema and signs of respiratory disease. Pericardial effusion is infrequent in cats, but is associated with serious cardiac and non-cardiac disease when it occurs and so warrants careful investigation.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Hall, D. J., F. Shofer, et al. (2007). "Pericardial effusion in cats: a retrospective study of clinical findings and outcome in 146 cats." J Vet Intern Med 21(5): 1002-7.
>> PubMed abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Davidson, B. J., A. C. Paling, et al. (2008). "Disease association and clinical assessment of feline pericardial effusion." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 44(1): 5-9.

Records of 83 cats with pericardial effusion diagnosed at Washington State University and the University of California (Davis) were reviewed to determine the main causes and clinical significance. The most common causes were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with congestive heart failure, cancer, and systemic infection. Most affected cats also had pleural effusion or pulmonary edema and signs of respiratory disease. Pericardial effusion is infrequent in cats, but is associated with serious cardiac and non-cardiac disease when it occurs and so warrants careful investigation.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Hall, D. J., F. Shofer, et al. (2007). "Pericardial effusion in cats: a retrospective study of clinical findings and outcome in 146 cats." J Vet Intern Med 21(5): 1002-7.
>> PubMed abstract

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Efficacy of Transdermal Atenolol for Cats

Macgregor, J. M., J. E. Rush, et al. (2008). "Comparison of pharmacodynamic variables following oral versus transdermal administration of atenolol to healthy cats." Am J Vet Res 69(1): 39-44.

Atenolol is often prescribed for cats with certain types of heart disease, most notably some forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The drug is typically prescribed as 1/4 of a 25 mg tablet every 12 hours. Long term daily administration of oral medication may be very difficult for some owners to achieve. In recent years, there has been great interest in transdermal formulations of medication for cats. Few studies have reported on the efficacy of transdermal gel medications for cats, and of those that have been published the results are not always promising. In this project, atenolol was administered to 7 healthy cats, either orally or as a transdermal gel. Blood levels of atenolol were tested to determine efficacy of the route of administration. The difference between the two routes of administration was significant, with transdermal atenolol providing lower and inconsistent blood levels compared to oral administration.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Helms, S. R. (2007). "Treatment of feline hypertension with transdermal amlodipine: a pilot study." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43(3): 149-156.

Lecuyer, M., S. Prini, et al. (2006). "Clinical efficacy and safety of transdermal methimazole in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism." Can Vet J 47(2): 131-5. [Free full text article]

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Macgregor, J. M., J. E. Rush, et al. (2008). "Comparison of pharmacodynamic variables following oral versus transdermal administration of atenolol to healthy cats." Am J Vet Res 69(1): 39-44.

Atenolol is often prescribed for cats with certain types of heart disease, most notably some forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The drug is typically prescribed as 1/4 of a 25 mg tablet every 12 hours. Long term daily administration of oral medication may be very difficult for some owners to achieve. In recent years, there has been great interest in transdermal formulations of medication for cats. Few studies have reported on the efficacy of transdermal gel medications for cats, and of those that have been published the results are not always promising. In this project, atenolol was administered to 7 healthy cats, either orally or as a transdermal gel. Blood levels of atenolol were tested to determine efficacy of the route of administration. The difference between the two routes of administration was significant, with transdermal atenolol providing lower and inconsistent blood levels compared to oral administration.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Helms, S. R. (2007). "Treatment of feline hypertension with transdermal amlodipine: a pilot study." J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43(3): 149-156.

Lecuyer, M., S. Prini, et al. (2006). "Clinical efficacy and safety of transdermal methimazole in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism." Can Vet J 47(2): 131-5. [Free full text article]

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More