Showing posts with label FIV. Show all posts

Monday, March 11, 2013

Geographic variation in FeLV and FIV in the U.S.

Chhetri B, Berke O, Pearl D and Bienzle D. Comparison of the geographical distribution of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in the United States of America (2000--2011). BMC Veterinary Research. 2013; 9: 2. [free, full text article]

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) share many risk factors for infection in cats. However, infection rates are thought to vary depending on location. Geographical distribution of each may vary. These investigators looked at the geographical distribution of both viruses in the U.S. Testing results for over 17,000 (FIV) and 30,000 (FeLV) cats were analyzed for the 48 contiguous states. The results indicate that risk factors may vary in different geographic locales. There is a higher prevalence of FIV in the southeastern U.S. compared with FeLV. In contrast, FeLV occurred at a higher rate in the western U.S. compared with FIV. This may be due to geographic variations in virus strains, vaccination rates, or as yet unknown geographic risk factors for each virus. While more research is needed to understand the specific risk factors responsible, this knowledge could influence recommendations for testing, management, and prevention. [MK]

See also:
Levy J, Crawford C, Hartmann K, et al. 2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2008; 10: 300-16. [free, full text]

Little S, Bienzle D, Carioto L, Chisholm H, O'Brien E and Scherk M. Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in Canada: recommendations for testing and management. Can Vet J. 2011; 52: 849-55. [free, full text]

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Kidney disease in cats and people

Poli A, Tozon N, Guidi G and Pistello M. Renal alterations in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats: a natural model of lentivirus-induced renal disease changes. Viruses. 2012; 4: 1372-89. [Free, full text article]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with severe kidney disease including acute and chronic renal failure, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. HIV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are closely related viruses so that disease in cats may be a model for disease in humans. Both human and feline patients may live for many years after infection and suffer from chronic diseases. While kidney disease has been documented in cats with FIV, no detailed description of the kidney lesions has been published.

The investigators, working at the University of Pisa in Italy, examined kidneys from 72 cats infected with FIV. They found and described pathologic changes in the kidneys of cats with FIV that are similar to those in humans with HIV. A high proportion of the cats were affected. Thus they conclude that FIV may cause kidney changes, perhaps leading to kidney disease in infected cats. [MK]

See also: Baxter KJ, Levy JK, Edinboro CH, Vaden SL and Tompkins MB. Renal disease in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Intern Med. 2012; 26: 238-43.

Related blog articles:
FIV and kidney disease in cats (February 2010)
FIV and kidney disease (October 2012)

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FIV in African lions

Maas M, Keet DF, Rutten VP, Heesterbeek JA and Nielen M. Assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in African lions. Proceedings Biological sciences / The Royal Society. 2012; 279: 4206-14.

South Africa has about 2,700 free-ranging lions, living mostly around Kruger National Park (KNP). Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a disease that was introduced relatively recently into the KNP lion population, probably through domestic cattle brought by European settlers at the end of the 18th century. About 25 lions die of BTB every year in KNP.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infects domestic cats and at least 20 other species of non-domestic felids around the world. FIV subtype Ple is thought to have been endemic in lions for a much longer time than BTB and infection is common. There is concern that these infections, especially when they occur together, may increase disease and affect lion conservation programs. These researchers collected data from lions in KNP from 1993-2008. BTB was more common in lions in the south of KNP than the north, but infection rate increased over time in the north. A large percentage (31%) of lions were infected with both pathogens. Both infections caused changes in blood test results, with FIV having a greater impact than BTB. However, it did not appear that these co-infections were synergistic (i.e., making disease worse), unlike the situation in humans infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis. This may be due to a different pathogenesis of FIV in African lions than HIV in humans. [MK]

See also: Troyer JL, Roelke ME, Jespersen JM, et al. FIV diversity: FIV Ple subtype composition may influence disease outcome in African lions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011; 143: 338-46. [Free, full text article]

Related blog articles:
Feline immunodeficiency virus in African lions: October 2009
FeLV and FIV affect blood values in cats: October 2009
Risk factors for FIV infection: July 2009

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FIV and kidney disease

Baxter KJ, Levy JK, Edinboro CH, Vaden SL and Tompkins MB. Renal disease in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Intern Med. 2012; 26: 238-43.

In people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), renal disease is the fourth most common cause of death. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes similar clinical syndromes to HIV in humans (e.g., immune dysregulation, opportunistic infections, inflammatory diseases, and neoplasia). The seroprevalence of FIV in cats in North America is estimated to be 3.6-4.3%, with the highest prevalence found in adult male, sick, and free-roaming cats. The authors used a mixed retrospective/prospective cross-sectional study of client-owned cats (153 FIV-infected, 306 FIV-uninfected) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) research colony cats (95 FIV-infected, 98 FIV-uninfected). The researchers hypothesized that cats infected with FIV are at increased risk of proteinuria, and that proteinuria is associated with advanced FIV infection and comorbidity factors contribute to the prevalence of renal disease.

Comparisons were made by evaluating blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urine specific gravity, and urine protein-creatinine (UPC) ratio between infected and uninfected cats. Also CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were measured and the ratio was calculated. Renal azotemia was defined as a serum creatinine > 1.9 mg/dL with urine specific gravity < 1.035. Proteinuria was defined as a UPC ratio > 0.4 with an inactive urine sediment. The results indicated that the prevalence of proteinuria was higher in client-owned FIV-infected cats than in FIV-uninfected cats. Yet, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of azotemia. The authors believe that using their classification system, being considered “diseased” was not a risk factor for proteinuria in FIV-infected cats. The primary conclusion from the study was that client-owned cats with naturally acquired FIV infection were at increased risk of proteinuria, but not renal azotemia. The cause and pathogenesis of this proteinuria is uncertain. [VT]

See also: Poli A, Abramo F, Matteucci D, et al. Renal involvement in feline immunodeficiency virus infection: p24 antigen detection, virus isolation and PCR analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1995; 46: 13-20.

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Baxter KJ, Levy JK, Edinboro CH, Vaden SL and Tompkins MB. Renal disease in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Intern Med. 2012; 26: 238-43.

FIV in Western Canada

Ravi M, Wobeser G, Taylor S et al: Naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats from western Canada: prevalence, disease associations, and survival analysis, Can Vet J 51:271, 2010.

While feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is well known as a cause of illness in cats worldwide, little data has been available about infection rates in Canada. In this retrospective study, 1205 client-owned cats in western Canada were tested for FIV antibodies. 5.5% of the cats were FIV-antibody positive. Infected cats were more likely to be males, to have bite wounds, and were older than antibody-negative cats. The survival time of FIV-positive cats was not significantly different from age and gender matched FIV-negative cats. This research adds to the knowledge that veterinarians in Canada need to develop testing and management plans for FIV. [SL]

Related articles:
Little S, Sears W, Lachtara J et al: Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in Canada, Can Vet J 50:644, 2009.

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Understanding Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Grant, C. K., E. A. Fink, et al. (2009). "Improved health and survival of FIV-infected cats is associated with the presence of autoantibodies to the primary receptor, CD134." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(47): 19980-5.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important pathogen of cats, causing lifelong infection and ultimately death from immunosuppression. These researchers examined antibody levels to various viral and cellular proteins in stored serum samples collected from FIV-infected cats over 30 years. They found very strong antiviral responses to several virus proteins, including the major surface protein of the virus. Interestingly, they also found evidence of antibodies to the feline cellular protein used by the virus to attach to and infect the cell (CD134). Even more remarkable, they found that this antibody only bound the cellular protein when the viral attachment protein was bound to it. Thus, binding of the virus to this cellular protein reveals a site on the cellular protein that is not normally “visible” to the immune system of the cat, leading to antibody production to this cellular protein. In a laboratory experiment, they found that not only did antibodies to the virus protein inhibited virus infection, but antibodies to the cellular protein targeted by the virus did so as well. When they evaluated antibody levels from cats of known health status, the highest percentage of cats positive for this cell-specific antibody were healthy and asymptomatic. In contrast, samples negative for this antibody were largely acquired from cats that were ill. In assessing viral load in the blood of 20 infected cats and comparing that to antibody levels to the CD134, the researchers found that cats with high viral loads (poorer prognosis) did not have measurable levels of antibody to the CD134. The findings are consistent with a role for anti-cell receptor antibodies in protection from virus spread and disease progression. [MK]
>> Free full text article

Related articles:
Hosie, M. J., D. Addie, et al. (2009). "Feline immunodeficiency ABCD guidelines on prevention and management." J Feline Med Surg 11(7): 575-84.
>> Free full text article

Levy, J., C. Crawford, et al. (2008). "2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(3): 300-316.
>> Free full text article

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Prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Canada

Little S, Sears W, Lachtara J et al: Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in Canada, Can Vet J 50:644, 2009.

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are two of the most important infectious diseases of cats worldwide. Many studies have evaluated the prevalence of FeLV and FIV in North American cats, but very little data has been available for Canada. Veterinary clinics, animal shelters, cat rescue programs, and feral cat programs in Canada were invited to participate in the study. Enrolled participants were requested to submit the results of FeLV and FIV testing performed between Aug. 1 and Nov. 15, 2007. Information collected on each cat tested included location of testing, age, gender, access to outdoors, and whether the cat was ill at the time of testing. A total of 343 vet clinics and 13 shelters/rescue groups representing all Canadian provinces participated. Complete results were received for 11,144 cats of which 4.3% were positive for FIV and 3.4% were positive for FeLV. The seroprevalence of FeLV and FIV in this study was higher than in a recent similar study of predominantly US cats (FIV 2.5%, FeLV 2.3%). [SL]
>> Free, full text article

Related articles:
Little SE: Feline immunodeficiency virus testing in stray, feral, and client-owned cats of Ottawa, Can Vet J 46:898, 2005.
>> Free, full text article

Levy JK, Scott HM, Lachtara JL et al: Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:371, 2006.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Risk Factors for FIV Infection

Murray, J.K., et al., Risk factors for feline immunodeficiency virus antibody test status in Cats Protection adoption centres (2004). Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, 2009. 11(6): p. 467-473.

This study determined the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) within a group of cats entering 10 United Kingdom adoption centres run by Cat Protection. All cats entering the facilities were tested for FIV using a rapid enzyme immunoassay antibody test. The overall prevalence of positive test results was 3.1%, while the prevalence at different adoption centres varied from 0.8% to 6.7%. Male cats were found to be approximately three times more likely than female cats to be FIV positive. The previous history of the cat was also shown to be associated with FIV status, where cats admitted from stray or feral backgrounds were approximately three times more likely to be FIV positive than those cats surrendered by their owners. Cats in poor health were four times more likely to be positive than those with fair to good health. There was no evidence found for an association between neuter status and FIV test results. The study may help adoption centres identify those cats with an increased risk of FIV for routine FIV testing. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Levy, J.K., et al., Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2006. 228(3): p. 371-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

Macieira, D.B., et al., Prevalence and risk factors for hemoplasmas in domestic cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus and/or feline leukemia virus in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. J Feline Med Surg, 2008. 10(2): p. 120-9.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Fujino, Y., et al., Prevalence of hematological abnormalities and detection of infected bone marrow cells in asymptomatic cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Microbiol, 2009. 136(3-4): p. 217-25.

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important pathogen of cats that may lead to a lethal immunodeficient state. This may be preceded by a significant period of time, often years, without any evidence of disease. Decreases in the red and white blood cell lines as well as platelets are known to occur in infected cats. These researchers examined the prevalence of these changes in cats without obvious clinical signs of disease. They examined 50 cats whose only abnormality was the presence of FIV infection (as detected by the antibody assay for the virus). They found a significant portion of asymptomatic cats (48%) have detectable decline in the various blood cell lines, often affecting more than one cell line (e.g., anemia plus decreased white blood cells or platelets). The researchers also found that viral infection of bone marrow cells occurred, and likely led to the effects on blood cell production. Thus, FIV infection of bone marrow cells contributes to the production of the immunodeficient state as well as other blood abnormalities in infected cats. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Tanabe, T. and J.K. Yamamoto, Phenotypic and functional characteristics of FIV infection in the bone marrow stroma. Virology, 2001. 282(1): p. 113-22.
>> PubMed Abstract

Arjona, A., E. Escolar, et al. (2000). "Seroepidemiological survey of infection by feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus in Madrid and correlation with some clinical aspects." J Clin Microbiol 38(9): 3448-9.
>> PubMed Abstract

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Lactoferrin for Cats with FIV

Kobayashi, S., R. Sato, et al. (2008). "Effect of bovine lactoferrin on functions of activated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection." J Vet Med Sci 70(5): 429-35.

Cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection have chronic overactivation of immune and inflammatory responses, resulting in immune dysfunction. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in immunological defense systems. A previous study by these researchers showed that oral administration of bovine LF improved clinical signs in FIV-infected cats with severe stomatitis. In this study, the in vitro effect of bovine LF on proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cytokine regulation was studied in blood samples from cats in the asymptomatic carrier and the AIDS-related complex phases of FIV. The results suggest that therapy with bovine LF may help modulate immune dysfunction in cats in the terminal stages of FIV infection, and further research is warranted.
>> Free full text article

Related articles:
Sato, R., O. Inanami, et al. (1996). "Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin for treatment of intractable stomatitis in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-positive and FIV-negative cats." Am J Vet Res 57(10): 1443-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

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New FeLV/FIV Management Guidelines

Levy, J., C. Crawford, et al. (2008). "2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines." Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 10(3): 300-316.

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most common infectious diseases of cats. Although vaccines are available for both viruses, identification and segregation of infected cats form the cornerstone for preventing new infections. Guidelines in this report have been developed for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of FeLV and FIV infections. All cats should be tested for FeLV and FIV infections at appropriate intervals based on individual risk assessments. No test is 100% accurate at all times under all conditions; results should be interpreted along with the patient's health and risk factors. Retroviral tests can diagnose only infection, not clinical disease, and cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for many years. A decision for euthanasia should never be based solely on whether or not the cat is infected. Vaccination against FeLV is highly recommended in kittens. In adult cats, antiretroviral vaccines are considered non-core and should be administered only if a risk assessment indicates they are appropriate.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Levy, J., H. Scott, et al. (2006). "Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity." J Amer Vet Med Assoc 228(3): 371-376.
>> PubMed abstract

Goldkamp, C. E., J. K. Levy, et al. (2008). "Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats with abscesses or bite wounds and rate of veterinarian compliance with current guidelines for retrovirus testing." J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(8): 1152-8.
>> PubMed abstract

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Causes of Gingivitis in Cats

Quimby, J. M., T. Elston, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of the association of Bartonella species, feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus with chronic feline gingivostomatitis." J Feline Med Surg 10(1): 66-72.

Gingivostomatitis is a common medical condition in cats. Clinical signs include red and swollen gums that may bleed easily, halitosis, and oral pain. The discomfort can lead to dysphagia, decreased appetite, and weight loss. The syndrome is likely to be multifactorial and it is suspected to involve an exaggerated immune response to either infectious or non-infectious antigens. Other factors that may be involved include genetic predispostion, diet, stressors, and the effects of domestication. Several infectious agents have been found in cats with gingivostomatitis such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), calicivirus (FCV), herpesvirus (FHV-1), and Bartonella. However, all these agents can also be found in healthy cats so proving cause and effect has been difficult. The 45 cats in this study were housed together, had a history of flea exposure, and were vaccinated with a modified live FVRCP vaccine. At the time of sample collection, 36 of the cats had active gingivostomatitis. Samples were collected and analyzed for infectious agents. All of the agents were found in the population with the exception of FeLV. However, evidence of infection with Bartonella species, FHV-1, FCV, FeLV or FIV was not overrepresented in the cats with gingivostomatitis and so the data fail to support the hypotheses that these organisms were a cause of gingivostomatitis in this population of cats. The researchers conclude that diagnostic test results for these infectious agents should be interpreted carefully as none appear to correlate to the presence or absence of disease.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Southerden, P. and C. Gorrel (2007). "Treatment of a case of refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis with feline recombinant interferon omega." J Small Anim Pract 48(2): 104-6.
>> PubMed abstract

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Retroviruses and Cat Bite Wounds

Goldkamp, C. E., J. K. Levy, et al. (2008). "Seroprevalences of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in cats with abscesses or bite wounds and rate of veterinarian compliance with current guidelines for retrovirus testing." J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(8): 1152-8.

In this prospective study, data was collected on 967 cats being treated for bite wounds and abscesses from 134 veterinary practices in 30 states. Cats were tested for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) at the time of presentation. Veterinarians were asked to retest cats 60 days later to determine if seronegative cats became positive after the high-risk event. The FeLV-FIV status of 96 cats was known prior to the bite wound event. At the time of treatment, 19.3% of cats were seropositive for FeLV and/or FIV. Risk factors associated with seropositive status included age (adult), gender (male), history of wounds, and outdoor access. Retesting of seronegative cats was recommended to owners of 478 cats at 54.5% of the practices. However, only 13.4% of cats were restested. Of these cats, 5.2% that were initially seronegative for FIV seroconverted. This study determined that a high proportion of cats with abscesses or bite wounds were seropositive for retrovirus infection. Unfortunately, compliance with recommendations to test cats at the time of the event or after treatment was low. Clearly, the FeLV-FIV status of cats with fight wounds should be determined at the time of treatment, and seronegative cats should be retested in 60 days.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Levy, J. K., H. M. Scott, et al. (2006). "Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in North America and risk factors for seropositivity." J Am Vet Med Assoc 228(3): 371-6.
>> PubMed abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

New FIV Test Developed

Levy, J. K., P. C. Crawford, et al. (2008). "Differentiation of feline immunodeficiency virus vaccination, infection, or vaccination and infection in cats." J Vet Intern Med 22(2): 330-4.

Diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is complicated by the fact that no commercially available tests can differentiate between naturally infected cats and cats that have been vaccinated against FIV. After vaccination, cats produce antibodies that to date have been indistinguishable from those induced by natural infection. A discriminant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that detects antibodies against formalin-treated FIV whole virus and untreated transmembrane peptide. In this study, blood samples from 73 uninfected and unvaccinated cats, 89 uninfected FIV-vaccinated cats, 99 unvaccinated FIV-infected cats, and 3 FIV-infected and vaccinated cats were tested. The discriminate ELISA correctly identified all uninfected cats, giving a specificity of 100%. Of the FIV-infected cats, 99 were correctly identified, giving a sensitivity of 97.1%. Other than virus isolation, which is not widely available and is time-consuming and expensive, this discriminate ELISA is the most reliable test for diagnosis of FIV. When this test becomes available at referral diagnostic laboratories, a new strategy for FIV testing would be to use the existing patient-side antibody assay as a screening test, and confirm positive results with the discriminant ELISA.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Kusuhara, H., T. Hohdatsu, et al. (2007). "Serological differentiation of FIV-infected cats from dual-subtype feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) inoculated cats." Vet Microbiol 120(3-4): 217-25.
>> PubMed abstract

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Hemoplasma in Cats (formerly Hemobartonella)

Sykes, J. E., J. C. Terry, et al. (2008). "Prevalences of various hemoplasma species among cats in the United States with possible hemoplasmosis." J Am Vet Med Assoc 232(3): 372-9.

Three species of hemoplasmas are known to infect cats, the most well known of which is Mycoplasma haemofelis (formerly Hemobartonella felis). M. haemofelis is associated with hemolytic anemia in some infected cats. Two other hemoplasmas, M. haemominutum and M. turicensis, are less commonly associated with clinical disease. In this study, 310 blood samples that had been submitted to a commercial laboratory because the cats had anemia and/or they were suspected of having hemoplasmosis were evaluated with species-specific PCR assays. The prevalences were 23.2% for M. haemominutum, 4.8% for M. haemofelis, and 6.5% for M. turicensis. Male cats were more likely to be infected with hemoplasmas, and FeLV and FIV were strongly associated with M. haemofelis infection. The results of this study show that these hemoplasmas occur commonly in cats in the United States.
>> PubMed abstract

Related articles:
Willi, B., F. S. Boretti, et al. (2007). "From Haemobartonella to hemoplasma: Molecular methods provide new insights." Vet Microbiol 125(3-4): 197-209.
>> PubMed abstract

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Quality of FeLV & FIV Tests

Hartmann, K., P. Griessmayr, et al. (2007). "Quality of different in-clinic test systems for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection." J Feline Med Surg 9(6): 439-45.

There are many commerical kits available for in-clinic diagnosis of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). This study evaluated seven FIV and eight FeLV test kits. The researchers tested 536 serum samples from randomly selected cats. Positive FIV tests were confirmed with Western blot and positive FeLV tests were confirmed by virus isolation. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values of eact test were determined. All test kits performed well, with the exception of one kit that produced unacceptable numbers of invalid test results and results that are difficult to interpret. Positive test results should always be confirmed, especially in a healthy cat from a low-risk environment.
>> PubMed abstract

Current retroviral testing guidelines from the American Assoc. of Feline Practitioners

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Health News

Pages

Monday, March 11, 2013

Geographic variation in FeLV and FIV in the U.S.

Thursday, December 6, 2012

Kidney disease in cats and people

Monday, November 26, 2012

FIV in African lions

Monday, October 15, 2012

FIV and kidney disease

Wednesday, June 30, 2010

FIV in Western Canada

Monday, December 14, 2009

Understanding Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Monday, September 21, 2009

Prevalence of FeLV and FIV in Canada

Monday, July 20, 2009

Risk Factors for FIV Infection

Wednesday, July 8, 2009

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Thursday, July 17, 2008

Lactoferrin for Cats with FIV

Monday, June 9, 2008

New FeLV/FIV Management Guidelines

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Causes of Gingivitis in Cats

Wednesday, April 30, 2008

Retroviruses and Cat Bite Wounds

Monday, March 31, 2008

New FIV Test Developed

Wednesday, March 12, 2008

Hemoplasma in Cats (formerly Hemobartonella)

Sunday, March 9, 2008

Quality of FeLV & FIV Tests