Community Demographics & Shelter Adoptions

Patronek GJ: Use of geospatial neighborhood control locations for epidemiological analysis of community-level pet adoption patterns, Am J Vet Res 71: 1321, 2010. 

This study explored the joint effect of distance and neighborhood-level demographics on pet adoptions from an animal shelter. The methods used to perform the study were client segmentation, geospatial tools, and epidemiological techniques that evaluated locations of 1,563 adoptions from an animal shelter in eastern Massachusetts. Proximity to the shelter was found to be strongly associated with adoption. Locations that were less than 6 miles (9.7 km) from the shelter having higher block group median income, or having a greater proportion of households that were composed of married couples with children in the block group, were associated with increased odds of being an adoption location. Neighborhood lifestyle characteristics were also noted to profoundly influence shelter adoption patterns. This study explored pet adoptions as one aspect of shelter operations. There are other potential applications of this type of technology and analysis for shelter outreach in identifying underserved areas for mobile spay-neuter programs, improvement of allocation of animal control resources, better targeting of media messages about the shelter, along with other possibilities.  [VT]

Related articles:
Patronek GJ: Mapping and measuring disparities in welfare for cats across neighborhoods in a large US city, J Am Vet Med Assoc 71: 161, 2010.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
Join us on Facebook
Follow us on Twitter

Patronek GJ: Use of geospatial neighborhood control locations for epidemiological analysis of community-level pet adoption patterns, Am J Vet Res 71: 1321, 2010. 

This study explored the joint effect of distance and neighborhood-level demographics on pet adoptions from an animal shelter. The methods used to perform the study were client segmentation, geospatial tools, and epidemiological techniques that evaluated locations of 1,563 adoptions from an animal shelter in eastern Massachusetts. Proximity to the shelter was found to be strongly associated with adoption. Locations that were less than 6 miles (9.7 km) from the shelter having higher block group median income, or having a greater proportion of households that were composed of married couples with children in the block group, were associated with increased odds of being an adoption location. Neighborhood lifestyle characteristics were also noted to profoundly influence shelter adoption patterns. This study explored pet adoptions as one aspect of shelter operations. There are other potential applications of this type of technology and analysis for shelter outreach in identifying underserved areas for mobile spay-neuter programs, improvement of allocation of animal control resources, better targeting of media messages about the shelter, along with other possibilities.  [VT]

Related articles:
Patronek GJ: Mapping and measuring disparities in welfare for cats across neighborhoods in a large US city, J Am Vet Med Assoc 71: 161, 2010.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
Join us on Facebook
Follow us on Twitter

Read More

Surgeons, medical device makers find insurers resisting costly back fusions

Surgeons and medical device makers find insurers are resisting costly back fusions and requiring proof that less risky therapy for pain has been given a chance.

By Christopher Snowbeck
csnowbeck@pioneerpress.com

Updated: 01/29/2011 11:35:39 PM CST

 

There's nothing like back pain.
Just ask Dan Hoxworth, 50, of Mahtomedi. Beyond watching his father and brothers suffer from disc problems over the years, Hoxworth has felt the pain personally with herniated discs in each of the past three decades. The sensation at times is a bit like sticking your finger in an electrical outlet — and not pulling it out, he says.

Still, there are two key reasons Hoxworth considers himself lucky in his spinal struggles.
First, the interval of time between each of his three episodes of back troubles grew. His first two herniated discs were separated by a span of just six years, while it was another 13 years before he suffered from a third disc problem in 2008. So, Hoxworth jokes that his back now should be good for another 20-plus years or so.

The second bit of luck is no joke.

'I've had success in avoiding surgery,' Hoxworth said. 'The doctors I've had always said that surgery is the last option.'

Pushing back on spine surgery is becoming a battle cry for health plans these days, too. Faced with skyrocketing health costs due to surgeries known as spinal fusions, health plans in Minnesota and across the U.S. are intensifying scrutiny of the procedures.

Spine surgeons are feeling the impact. So are companies like Fridley-based Medtronic, which is the largest manufacturer of medical devices used in spine surgery.

'Payers are also implementing new fusion procedure guidelines, which are lengthening the time  required to give pre-approvals,' said Gary Ellis, the chief financial officer at Medtronic, during a conference call with investors last year.
Bloomington-based HealthPartners was one of the first health plans in Minnesota to start scrutinizing spine surgery costs. In February 2009, the insurer started requiring
patients to receive approved decision guides such as booklets or videos to help them learn more about alternatives to surgery before they could receive a common but expensive procedure called 'lumbar fusion.'
Health plans and a growing number of doctors say that too many patients have been getting lumbar fusions without first trying treatment options including physical therapy, exercise and even epidural steroid injections to deal with pain.

As part of its efforts to control spine surgery costs, HealthPartners asked surgeons to document that patients had attempted rehabilitation before surgery and had nonetheless failed to see a significant improvement in their pain levels and back function.

Two years later, what impact has the program had?

"Little to none," acknowledged Dr. Tom Marr, a medical director at HealthPartners. "The number of fusions continues to go up."

HealthPartners paid for 305 lumbar fusions in 2006. The number more than doubled to 684 in 2008. Then, during the first year of the shared decision-making program, the number of lumbar fusions increased to 823. The health plan pays an average of about $54,000 for all the care that goes into a lumbar fusion procedure.

"That cost is an issue, but it's not the main issue," he said. "The main issue is: Are patients getting maximum benefit from this."

The answer at HealthPartners appears to be no, and that's why the health plan is "re-energizing" its policies for scrutinizing lumbar fusion surgeries. Others are doing the same.

A year ago, Minneapolis-based UCare started requiring members to consider other options to spine surgery, said Dr. Craig Christianson, an associate medical director.

Some spine surgeons bristled at the requirement, he said, until the health plan started showing examples of how some Medicare patients in their 80s and 90s were undergoing spinal fusion procedures — an aggressive treatment choice at that age, Christianson said.

Some patients are drawn to the more immediate impact that spine surgery can offer for back pain compared with conservative approaches, Christianson acknowledged. But long-term outcomes are fairly similar for the two groups, he said, at which point spine surgery patients have fewer options.

"The advantage to conservative care is that there are no bridges being burned," Christianson said.
Last month, Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina issued rules that lumbar spinal fusion surgeries required prior review and certification by the insurance company to be covered. Some doctors who have been critical of the growth in spine surgeries for back pain cheered the move.

"The major national concern has to do with the performance of multilevel instrumented fusions to treat low back pain in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease who are neurologically intact, who do not have spinal deformity and in whom all appropriate conservative treatment measures have not been performed," said Dr. Charles Burton, a surgeon in St. Paul. "Study after study after study has shown that in this population of patients, physical therapy is as good if not better — and there are no complications."

But a group of national spine surgery societies criticized the North Carolina rules as too broad, and cautioned in a December letter that they could block surgeries for patients "who have a high probability of clinical success with fusion."
The concern is echoed locally by Dr. Paul Hartleben, a spine surgeon with Summit Orthopedics in Woodbury.

Spinal fusions were developed as a treatment for a deformity called scoliosis and the surgery can successfully halt the progression of that condition, Hartleben said. In a fusion, surgeons use rods, screws and plates to stabilize otherwise mobile spine segments.

Over the years, doctors started using the tools for other spine problems, including intractable back pain. That's where the controversy comes in — not just with health plans, but even among spine surgeons, said Hartleben.
"There's always a group of surgeons that believes that any fusion done for degenerative disc disease and back pain is inappropriate," he said. "Then there are those that say: What do you do for the patient who is incapacitated and has tried everything else?"

In some cases, the procedure has been "overdone," Hartleben said. But physicians aren't doing it for personal gain, he said, and are willing to work with health plans to improve care — even though navigating pre-authorization rules can take as much time as the spine surgery itself.

"There are many diagnoses where spinal fusion is worth it," Hartleben said. Noting that the federal Medicare program and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota also are paying more attention to spinal fusion costs, the surgeon added: "They want to make sure it's the right decision for their patients."

Hartleben says that doctors also are working more closely with hospitals, which also have concerns about increasing costs of spine surgery. The St. Paul-based HealthEast system, for example, recently hired Dr. Adam Locketz to promote the use of spine care options that go beyond surgery and are grounded in stronger medical evidence.

"It's not that lumbar fusions are never appropriate," Locketz said, "but they're being utilized too early in the process."
The scrutiny is affecting the bottom line for manufacturers such as Medtronic.
Medtronic is the world's largest manufacturer of medical devices used in spinal surgery, with more than one-third of the $7 billion worldwide market, according to Joanne Wuensch, an analyst with BMO Capital Markets. Still, Wuensch estimated in a recent report that Medtronic's revenue from spine devices will be down slightly for 2010 at about $2.6 billion.

The program at Blue Cross of North Carolina is an example of the challenges facing the industry, Wuensch wrote.

Marybeth Thorsgaard, a spokeswoman at Medtronic, contended the North Carolina policy actually would apply to only "a small percentage of our cases." Still, the manufacturer is responding to pressure from health plans through "the creation of new clinical and economic evidence to support new technologies and therapies," Thorsgaard said.

The scrutiny of spine surgery has come at a time when financial ties between medical device companies and doctors have become more visible.

Last year, Medtronic started disclosing how much it pays doctors in product royalties and consulting fees in three categories: training other doctors in the use of Medtronic products; offering advisory services to the company; and contributing to research and development.

Through the first three quarters of 2010, Medtronic paid between $2 million and $2.2 million to about 20 doctors in Minnesota. The vast majority of the money went to nine spine surgeons for royalties on Medtronic products that the physicians helped design.

Royalty payments to spine surgeons "are what they are," said Marr, the medical director of HealthPartners. But the health plan has more concerns about other financial relationships between doctors and manufacturers — particularly when a doctor is being paid by a manufacturer to lobby HealthPartners to cover a spinal procedure.

"They don't tell us they're being paid," Marr said. Noting other potential conflicts of interest, he adds: "You start to say, 'You might be as pure as the driven snow, but after the plows come through, you're not so pure.' "

Snow removal wasn't the chore that led to Dan Hoxworth's most recent back troubles. He was helping a neighbor in Mahtomedi chop down trees and went too far.

After pain in his back would not go away, he spent weeks in physical therapy before finally being referred to a back specialist for a cortisone injection. The shot knocked down the pain more quickly than it did with his previous herniated discs — imaging technology has improved, he said, so that doctors can more accurately deliver the injection.

Hoxworth also went through a back-strengthening program at Physicians Neck & Back, a practice that's owned by HealthPartners and promotes exercise as a way to prevent back woes. Hoxworth completed the program about two years ago, but still regularly performs back-strengthening exercises he learned from the medical group.

"I like to chop wood, and I'm fine at doing that again," Hoxworth said. "I just don't do it until exhaustion, which is when you tend to get a back problem."
Christopher Snowbeck can be reached at 651-228-5479.

Surgeons and medical device makers find insurers are resisting costly back fusions and requiring proof that less risky therapy for pain has been given a chance.

By Christopher Snowbeck
csnowbeck@pioneerpress.com

Updated: 01/29/2011 11:35:39 PM CST

 

There's nothing like back pain.
Just ask Dan Hoxworth, 50, of Mahtomedi. Beyond watching his father and brothers suffer from disc problems over the years, Hoxworth has felt the pain personally with herniated discs in each of the past three decades. The sensation at times is a bit like sticking your finger in an electrical outlet — and not pulling it out, he says.

Still, there are two key reasons Hoxworth considers himself lucky in his spinal struggles.
First, the interval of time between each of his three episodes of back troubles grew. His first two herniated discs were separated by a span of just six years, while it was another 13 years before he suffered from a third disc problem in 2008. So, Hoxworth jokes that his back now should be good for another 20-plus years or so.

The second bit of luck is no joke.

'I've had success in avoiding surgery,' Hoxworth said. 'The doctors I've had always said that surgery is the last option.'

Pushing back on spine surgery is becoming a battle cry for health plans these days, too. Faced with skyrocketing health costs due to surgeries known as spinal fusions, health plans in Minnesota and across the U.S. are intensifying scrutiny of the procedures.

Spine surgeons are feeling the impact. So are companies like Fridley-based Medtronic, which is the largest manufacturer of medical devices used in spine surgery.

'Payers are also implementing new fusion procedure guidelines, which are lengthening the time  required to give pre-approvals,' said Gary Ellis, the chief financial officer at Medtronic, during a conference call with investors last year.
Bloomington-based HealthPartners was one of the first health plans in Minnesota to start scrutinizing spine surgery costs. In February 2009, the insurer started requiring
patients to receive approved decision guides such as booklets or videos to help them learn more about alternatives to surgery before they could receive a common but expensive procedure called 'lumbar fusion.'
Health plans and a growing number of doctors say that too many patients have been getting lumbar fusions without first trying treatment options including physical therapy, exercise and even epidural steroid injections to deal with pain.

As part of its efforts to control spine surgery costs, HealthPartners asked surgeons to document that patients had attempted rehabilitation before surgery and had nonetheless failed to see a significant improvement in their pain levels and back function.

Two years later, what impact has the program had?

"Little to none," acknowledged Dr. Tom Marr, a medical director at HealthPartners. "The number of fusions continues to go up."

HealthPartners paid for 305 lumbar fusions in 2006. The number more than doubled to 684 in 2008. Then, during the first year of the shared decision-making program, the number of lumbar fusions increased to 823. The health plan pays an average of about $54,000 for all the care that goes into a lumbar fusion procedure.

"That cost is an issue, but it's not the main issue," he said. "The main issue is: Are patients getting maximum benefit from this."

The answer at HealthPartners appears to be no, and that's why the health plan is "re-energizing" its policies for scrutinizing lumbar fusion surgeries. Others are doing the same.

A year ago, Minneapolis-based UCare started requiring members to consider other options to spine surgery, said Dr. Craig Christianson, an associate medical director.

Some spine surgeons bristled at the requirement, he said, until the health plan started showing examples of how some Medicare patients in their 80s and 90s were undergoing spinal fusion procedures — an aggressive treatment choice at that age, Christianson said.

Some patients are drawn to the more immediate impact that spine surgery can offer for back pain compared with conservative approaches, Christianson acknowledged. But long-term outcomes are fairly similar for the two groups, he said, at which point spine surgery patients have fewer options.

"The advantage to conservative care is that there are no bridges being burned," Christianson said.
Last month, Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina issued rules that lumbar spinal fusion surgeries required prior review and certification by the insurance company to be covered. Some doctors who have been critical of the growth in spine surgeries for back pain cheered the move.

"The major national concern has to do with the performance of multilevel instrumented fusions to treat low back pain in patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease who are neurologically intact, who do not have spinal deformity and in whom all appropriate conservative treatment measures have not been performed," said Dr. Charles Burton, a surgeon in St. Paul. "Study after study after study has shown that in this population of patients, physical therapy is as good if not better — and there are no complications."

But a group of national spine surgery societies criticized the North Carolina rules as too broad, and cautioned in a December letter that they could block surgeries for patients "who have a high probability of clinical success with fusion."
The concern is echoed locally by Dr. Paul Hartleben, a spine surgeon with Summit Orthopedics in Woodbury.

Spinal fusions were developed as a treatment for a deformity called scoliosis and the surgery can successfully halt the progression of that condition, Hartleben said. In a fusion, surgeons use rods, screws and plates to stabilize otherwise mobile spine segments.

Over the years, doctors started using the tools for other spine problems, including intractable back pain. That's where the controversy comes in — not just with health plans, but even among spine surgeons, said Hartleben.
"There's always a group of surgeons that believes that any fusion done for degenerative disc disease and back pain is inappropriate," he said. "Then there are those that say: What do you do for the patient who is incapacitated and has tried everything else?"

In some cases, the procedure has been "overdone," Hartleben said. But physicians aren't doing it for personal gain, he said, and are willing to work with health plans to improve care — even though navigating pre-authorization rules can take as much time as the spine surgery itself.

"There are many diagnoses where spinal fusion is worth it," Hartleben said. Noting that the federal Medicare program and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota also are paying more attention to spinal fusion costs, the surgeon added: "They want to make sure it's the right decision for their patients."

Hartleben says that doctors also are working more closely with hospitals, which also have concerns about increasing costs of spine surgery. The St. Paul-based HealthEast system, for example, recently hired Dr. Adam Locketz to promote the use of spine care options that go beyond surgery and are grounded in stronger medical evidence.

"It's not that lumbar fusions are never appropriate," Locketz said, "but they're being utilized too early in the process."
The scrutiny is affecting the bottom line for manufacturers such as Medtronic.
Medtronic is the world's largest manufacturer of medical devices used in spinal surgery, with more than one-third of the $7 billion worldwide market, according to Joanne Wuensch, an analyst with BMO Capital Markets. Still, Wuensch estimated in a recent report that Medtronic's revenue from spine devices will be down slightly for 2010 at about $2.6 billion.

The program at Blue Cross of North Carolina is an example of the challenges facing the industry, Wuensch wrote.

Marybeth Thorsgaard, a spokeswoman at Medtronic, contended the North Carolina policy actually would apply to only "a small percentage of our cases." Still, the manufacturer is responding to pressure from health plans through "the creation of new clinical and economic evidence to support new technologies and therapies," Thorsgaard said.

The scrutiny of spine surgery has come at a time when financial ties between medical device companies and doctors have become more visible.

Last year, Medtronic started disclosing how much it pays doctors in product royalties and consulting fees in three categories: training other doctors in the use of Medtronic products; offering advisory services to the company; and contributing to research and development.

Through the first three quarters of 2010, Medtronic paid between $2 million and $2.2 million to about 20 doctors in Minnesota. The vast majority of the money went to nine spine surgeons for royalties on Medtronic products that the physicians helped design.

Royalty payments to spine surgeons "are what they are," said Marr, the medical director of HealthPartners. But the health plan has more concerns about other financial relationships between doctors and manufacturers — particularly when a doctor is being paid by a manufacturer to lobby HealthPartners to cover a spinal procedure.

"They don't tell us they're being paid," Marr said. Noting other potential conflicts of interest, he adds: "You start to say, 'You might be as pure as the driven snow, but after the plows come through, you're not so pure.' "

Snow removal wasn't the chore that led to Dan Hoxworth's most recent back troubles. He was helping a neighbor in Mahtomedi chop down trees and went too far.

After pain in his back would not go away, he spent weeks in physical therapy before finally being referred to a back specialist for a cortisone injection. The shot knocked down the pain more quickly than it did with his previous herniated discs — imaging technology has improved, he said, so that doctors can more accurately deliver the injection.

Hoxworth also went through a back-strengthening program at Physicians Neck & Back, a practice that's owned by HealthPartners and promotes exercise as a way to prevent back woes. Hoxworth completed the program about two years ago, but still regularly performs back-strengthening exercises he learned from the medical group.

"I like to chop wood, and I'm fine at doing that again," Hoxworth said. "I just don't do it until exhaustion, which is when you tend to get a back problem."
Christopher Snowbeck can be reached at 651-228-5479.

Read More

Government opens investigation into adult scoliosis treatments

The federal government has launched an investigation into the treatment used in adult scoliosis.

Posted: 6:20 PM Jan 24, 2011
Reporter: Maureen McFadden




The federal government has launched an investigation into the treatment used in adult scoliosis.
Julia Epper, an adult scoliosis patient, used to backstitch, until she developed adult scoliosis.
"I've had back pain since I was 14," said Epper, “It was very frustrating and I felt very limited.”
Diagnosed at age 20 her spine curve grew from 24 degrees, to 54.

Attempts at physical therapy and injections have done nothing for her pain either.
The Hospital for Special Surgery reports that half a million people have adult scoliosis in the United States, and 40 percent will feel more pain each year.

“Many people, as the spine begins to age, and the discs degenerate, beginning to experience more back and even leg pain,” says Charles C. Edwards II, a doctor at the Maryland Spine Center.
A new study shows spinal surgery may be the only true option.

"While we may try medicines and injections first, oftentimes we will move onto surgery because those other methods just are not making a difference for them," says Edwards.

In the United States alone, $860 billion are spent on therapy, braces, and pain injections.
The study, which includes patients from 40 to 80 years old, shows operative patients saw a significant boost in function and quality of life, while non-operative patients reported no improvement at all.
Decompression and fusion surgery worked for Epper, who says, "I no longer have this sharp, burning, debilitating pain. The difference has been remarkable."
Six centers across the US are currently involved in the government's adult scoliosis study.
All six centers are currently enrolling patients with results expected in 2015.

Research Summary:
BENT OUT OF SHAPE: THE ADULT SCOLIOSIS DEBATE
REPORT # 1744

BACKGROUND: Any individual over the age of 18 who has experienced spinal deformity is considered to have adult scoliosis. Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal, side-to-side, curvature of the spine. There are varying causes of spinal deformity including; idiopathic scoliosis, congenital anomalies, degenerative scoliosis, posttraumatic scoliosis and neuro-muscular scoliosis. Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form of spinal deformity doctors see, affecting about three percent of the general population. (SOURCE: Adult Scoliosis and Spine Associates)

THE BIRTH OF PAIN: It begins in childhood but advances in pain and deformity in adulthood. Congenital anomalies form in the uterus while degenerative scoliosis is caused by disc degeneration. As a result of spine fractures, posttraumatic scoliosis comes into existence and neuro-muscular scoliosis has been found to develop in patients with neuromuscular disorders like polio or muscular dystrophies. (SOURCE: Adult Scoliosis and Spine Associates)

SYMPTOMS OF SCOLIOSIS: Scoliosis is often painless with back pain eventually developing only as the condition progresses. Deformities may place unnecessary pressure on ones nerves and possibly even on the spinal cord. This can lead to weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities. In severe, often very rare cases, pressure on the spinal cord may cause loss of coordination in the leg muscles, making it difficult to walk normally. If the chest is deformed due to scoliosis, the lungs and heart may also be affected. This can promote breathing problems, fatigue, and even heart failure. (SOURCE: www.allaboutbackandneckpain.com)

SIMPLE SCOLIOSIS TEST: Aside from experiencing back discomfort, what'll typically bring a patient to the doctor are the noticeable changes in ones back. Some signs that may lead an individual to the doctor include one shoulder or hip higher than the other, one shoulder blade higher or sticking out farther than the other, a hump in the back that sticks up when bending forward, one arm hanging longer than the other or the waist appearing asymmetrical. (SOURCE: www.iscoliosis.com)

TREATMENT: Some adult scoliosis treatment doesn't require surgery. A combination of physical therapy, exercise and Ibuprofen can serve as a recommended treatment. Steroid injections are sometimes used to treat pinched nerves. Surgery is only recommended if pain is unresponsive to non-operative treatment. (SOURCE: www.healthcentral.com)

* For More Information, Contact:
Mr. Ryan Andrews
Research Assistant
(410) 539-3434
rkandrews87@gmail.com

The federal government has launched an investigation into the treatment used in adult scoliosis.

Posted: 6:20 PM Jan 24, 2011
Reporter: Maureen McFadden




The federal government has launched an investigation into the treatment used in adult scoliosis.
Julia Epper, an adult scoliosis patient, used to backstitch, until she developed adult scoliosis.
"I've had back pain since I was 14," said Epper, “It was very frustrating and I felt very limited.”
Diagnosed at age 20 her spine curve grew from 24 degrees, to 54.

Attempts at physical therapy and injections have done nothing for her pain either.
The Hospital for Special Surgery reports that half a million people have adult scoliosis in the United States, and 40 percent will feel more pain each year.

“Many people, as the spine begins to age, and the discs degenerate, beginning to experience more back and even leg pain,” says Charles C. Edwards II, a doctor at the Maryland Spine Center.
A new study shows spinal surgery may be the only true option.

"While we may try medicines and injections first, oftentimes we will move onto surgery because those other methods just are not making a difference for them," says Edwards.

In the United States alone, $860 billion are spent on therapy, braces, and pain injections.
The study, which includes patients from 40 to 80 years old, shows operative patients saw a significant boost in function and quality of life, while non-operative patients reported no improvement at all.
Decompression and fusion surgery worked for Epper, who says, "I no longer have this sharp, burning, debilitating pain. The difference has been remarkable."
Six centers across the US are currently involved in the government's adult scoliosis study.
All six centers are currently enrolling patients with results expected in 2015.

Research Summary:
BENT OUT OF SHAPE: THE ADULT SCOLIOSIS DEBATE
REPORT # 1744

BACKGROUND: Any individual over the age of 18 who has experienced spinal deformity is considered to have adult scoliosis. Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal, side-to-side, curvature of the spine. There are varying causes of spinal deformity including; idiopathic scoliosis, congenital anomalies, degenerative scoliosis, posttraumatic scoliosis and neuro-muscular scoliosis. Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form of spinal deformity doctors see, affecting about three percent of the general population. (SOURCE: Adult Scoliosis and Spine Associates)

THE BIRTH OF PAIN: It begins in childhood but advances in pain and deformity in adulthood. Congenital anomalies form in the uterus while degenerative scoliosis is caused by disc degeneration. As a result of spine fractures, posttraumatic scoliosis comes into existence and neuro-muscular scoliosis has been found to develop in patients with neuromuscular disorders like polio or muscular dystrophies. (SOURCE: Adult Scoliosis and Spine Associates)

SYMPTOMS OF SCOLIOSIS: Scoliosis is often painless with back pain eventually developing only as the condition progresses. Deformities may place unnecessary pressure on ones nerves and possibly even on the spinal cord. This can lead to weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities. In severe, often very rare cases, pressure on the spinal cord may cause loss of coordination in the leg muscles, making it difficult to walk normally. If the chest is deformed due to scoliosis, the lungs and heart may also be affected. This can promote breathing problems, fatigue, and even heart failure. (SOURCE: www.allaboutbackandneckpain.com)

SIMPLE SCOLIOSIS TEST: Aside from experiencing back discomfort, what'll typically bring a patient to the doctor are the noticeable changes in ones back. Some signs that may lead an individual to the doctor include one shoulder or hip higher than the other, one shoulder blade higher or sticking out farther than the other, a hump in the back that sticks up when bending forward, one arm hanging longer than the other or the waist appearing asymmetrical. (SOURCE: www.iscoliosis.com)

TREATMENT: Some adult scoliosis treatment doesn't require surgery. A combination of physical therapy, exercise and Ibuprofen can serve as a recommended treatment. Steroid injections are sometimes used to treat pinched nerves. Surgery is only recommended if pain is unresponsive to non-operative treatment. (SOURCE: www.healthcentral.com)

* For More Information, Contact:
Mr. Ryan Andrews
Research Assistant
(410) 539-3434
rkandrews87@gmail.com

Read More

Issue 108: From Jordan's Desk - Bone Fat?

It sounds like a contradiction in terms, but having too much fat in the bones can lead to thinning bones. What’s more is that this negates previous research which suggested that carrying extra weight and fat protected women against bone thinning and loss.

Here’s the skinny on the bone fat: Women with too much fat around the middle may compromise their bone health and be at greater risk for osteoporosis. Doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital studied 50 premenopausal women with an average body mass index (BMI) of 30. The women’s bone marrow fat and bone mineral density were also measured to determine their bone mass and bone loss.

The researchers were particularly interested in visceral fat—a kind of fat that exists below the muscle tissue in the stomach—compared to fat that is located just under the skin called subcutaneous fat. Visceral fat is believed to be the more dangerous of two, as it has been implicated in greater risk of heart disease. In this case, the doctors wanted to see if there was a difference in osteoporosis risk dependent upon which kind of fat the women had more of.

The doctors used imaging tests to discover that the study’s participants who had more visceral fat also had more bone marrow fat and less bone mineral density—which translated into a greater risk for osteoporosis. Interestingly, the researchers found no significant link between subcutaneous fat or total fat and bone marrow fat or bone mineral density.

Dr. Miriam Bredella, a radiologist at Massachusetts General and assistant professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School, was the lead author of the study. She says, “Our results show that having a lot of belly fat is more detrimental to bone health than having more superficial fat or fat around the hips.”

There may be more to the story, though. Dr. Leanne Chrisman, a family medicine doctor at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Ohio says, “The people who consume the most unhealthy carbohydrates and fats are the ones going to be the most obese, and they’re also the ones who are the most likely not to exercise. Weight-bearing exercise is associated with improved bone marrow densities. A lack of exercise is associated with being obese and low bone mass.” Additionally, says Chrisman, the more visceral fat you have, the more difficult it is for you to absorb nutrients that are crucial for good bone health, like calcium and vitamin D.

Lead study author, Dr. Bredella sums it up: “It is important for the public to be aware that excess belly fat is a risk factor for bone loss, as well as heart disease and diabetes."

So, if you need one more reason to lose that tummy…now you have it.

It sounds like a contradiction in terms, but having too much fat in the bones can lead to thinning bones. What’s more is that this negates previous research which suggested that carrying extra weight and fat protected women against bone thinning and loss.

Here’s the skinny on the bone fat: Women with too much fat around the middle may compromise their bone health and be at greater risk for osteoporosis. Doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital studied 50 premenopausal women with an average body mass index (BMI) of 30. The women’s bone marrow fat and bone mineral density were also measured to determine their bone mass and bone loss.

The researchers were particularly interested in visceral fat—a kind of fat that exists below the muscle tissue in the stomach—compared to fat that is located just under the skin called subcutaneous fat. Visceral fat is believed to be the more dangerous of two, as it has been implicated in greater risk of heart disease. In this case, the doctors wanted to see if there was a difference in osteoporosis risk dependent upon which kind of fat the women had more of.

The doctors used imaging tests to discover that the study’s participants who had more visceral fat also had more bone marrow fat and less bone mineral density—which translated into a greater risk for osteoporosis. Interestingly, the researchers found no significant link between subcutaneous fat or total fat and bone marrow fat or bone mineral density.

Dr. Miriam Bredella, a radiologist at Massachusetts General and assistant professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School, was the lead author of the study. She says, “Our results show that having a lot of belly fat is more detrimental to bone health than having more superficial fat or fat around the hips.”

There may be more to the story, though. Dr. Leanne Chrisman, a family medicine doctor at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Ohio says, “The people who consume the most unhealthy carbohydrates and fats are the ones going to be the most obese, and they’re also the ones who are the most likely not to exercise. Weight-bearing exercise is associated with improved bone marrow densities. A lack of exercise is associated with being obese and low bone mass.” Additionally, says Chrisman, the more visceral fat you have, the more difficult it is for you to absorb nutrients that are crucial for good bone health, like calcium and vitamin D.

Lead study author, Dr. Bredella sums it up: “It is important for the public to be aware that excess belly fat is a risk factor for bone loss, as well as heart disease and diabetes."

So, if you need one more reason to lose that tummy…now you have it.

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Are positive emotions good for your health in old age?

The notion that feeling good may be good for your health is not new, but is it really true? A new article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, reviews the existing research on how positive emotions can influence health outcomes in later adulthood.

"We all age. It is how we age, however, that determines the quality of our lives," said Anthony Ong of Cornell University, author of the review article. The data he reviews suggest that positive emotions may be a powerful antidote to stress, pain, and illness.

There are several pathways through which a positive attitude can protect against poor health later in life. For example, happier people might take a proactive approach to aging by regularly exercising and budgeting time for a good night's sleep. Alternately, these people may avoid unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking.The benefits of these healthy lifestyle choices may become more important in older adults, as their bodies become more susceptible to disease.

An optimistic outlook has also been shown to combat stress—a known risk factor for a lot of disease. Studies have found that people with stronger positive emotions have lower levels of chemicals associated with inflammation related to stress. Also, by adopting a positive attitude people may even be able to undo some of the physical damage caused by stress.

Ong, a developmental psychologist, became interested in the study of positive emotion during graduate school when he learned about what researchers call the paradox of aging: Despite the notable loss of physical function throughout the body, a person's emotional capacity seemed to stay consistent with age. Ong speculates that if positive emotions are indeed good for our health then, "one direct, measureable consequence of this should be the extended years of quality living."

The notion that feeling good may be good for your health is not new, but is it really true? A new article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, reviews the existing research on how positive emotions can influence health outcomes in later adulthood.

"We all age. It is how we age, however, that determines the quality of our lives," said Anthony Ong of Cornell University, author of the review article. The data he reviews suggest that positive emotions may be a powerful antidote to stress, pain, and illness.

There are several pathways through which a positive attitude can protect against poor health later in life. For example, happier people might take a proactive approach to aging by regularly exercising and budgeting time for a good night's sleep. Alternately, these people may avoid unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking.The benefits of these healthy lifestyle choices may become more important in older adults, as their bodies become more susceptible to disease.

An optimistic outlook has also been shown to combat stress—a known risk factor for a lot of disease. Studies have found that people with stronger positive emotions have lower levels of chemicals associated with inflammation related to stress. Also, by adopting a positive attitude people may even be able to undo some of the physical damage caused by stress.

Ong, a developmental psychologist, became interested in the study of positive emotion during graduate school when he learned about what researchers call the paradox of aging: Despite the notable loss of physical function throughout the body, a person's emotional capacity seemed to stay consistent with age. Ong speculates that if positive emotions are indeed good for our health then, "one direct, measureable consequence of this should be the extended years of quality living."

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Medical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism

Longhofer S, Martin-Jimenez T, Soni-Gupta J: Serum concentrations of methimazole in cats after a single oral dose of controlled-release carbimazole or sugar-coated methimazole (thiamazole), Vet Ther 11:E1, 2010. 

Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in middle-aged and older cats. Medical management with the antithyroid drug methimazole has become a popular option, either before surgery (thyroidectomy) or radioiodine treatment, or for long-term medical management. Carbimazole is rapidly metabolized to methimazole in vivo. This cross-over study of 6 normal cats compared a single oral dose of either a controlled-release carbimazole tablet or a sugar-coated methimazole tablet. Both formulations are approved for use in cats and were found to be well tolerated by the cats in the course of the study. In general, the pharmacokinetic values for the two treatments were similar when differences in effective methimazole dose were taken into consideration. Both drugs were reported to have relatively short plasma half-lives in the current study that would seem to support either once or twice daily dosing for either. Methimazole accumulates in the thyroid gland so that antithyroid effects extend beyond (possibly up to 24 hours) the duration of elevated plasma levels.  Therefore, the short half-life of 3 hours for both controlled-release carbimazole and sugar-coated methimazole tablets is consistent with current practice recommendations for divided daily dosing, although once-daily dosing may be appropriate for maintenance therapy in some cats. [VT]

Related articles:

Frenais R, Rosenberg D, Burgaud S et al: Clinical efficacy and safety of a once-daily formulation of carbimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism, J Small Anim Pract 50:510, 2009.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Longhofer S, Martin-Jimenez T, Soni-Gupta J: Serum concentrations of methimazole in cats after a single oral dose of controlled-release carbimazole or sugar-coated methimazole (thiamazole), Vet Ther 11:E1, 2010. 

Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in middle-aged and older cats. Medical management with the antithyroid drug methimazole has become a popular option, either before surgery (thyroidectomy) or radioiodine treatment, or for long-term medical management. Carbimazole is rapidly metabolized to methimazole in vivo. This cross-over study of 6 normal cats compared a single oral dose of either a controlled-release carbimazole tablet or a sugar-coated methimazole tablet. Both formulations are approved for use in cats and were found to be well tolerated by the cats in the course of the study. In general, the pharmacokinetic values for the two treatments were similar when differences in effective methimazole dose were taken into consideration. Both drugs were reported to have relatively short plasma half-lives in the current study that would seem to support either once or twice daily dosing for either. Methimazole accumulates in the thyroid gland so that antithyroid effects extend beyond (possibly up to 24 hours) the duration of elevated plasma levels.  Therefore, the short half-life of 3 hours for both controlled-release carbimazole and sugar-coated methimazole tablets is consistent with current practice recommendations for divided daily dosing, although once-daily dosing may be appropriate for maintenance therapy in some cats. [VT]

Related articles:

Frenais R, Rosenberg D, Burgaud S et al: Clinical efficacy and safety of a once-daily formulation of carbimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism, J Small Anim Pract 50:510, 2009.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Join us on Facebook

Follow us on Twitter

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Eating More Fruit and Vegetables Is Linked to a Lower Risk of Dying from Ischemic Heart Disease

A European study investigating the links between diet and disease has found that people who consume more fruit and vegetables have a lower risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease -- the most common form of heart disease and one of the leading causes of death in Europe. However, the authors point out that a higher fruit and vegetable intake occurs among people with other healthy eating habits and lifestyles, and that these factors could also be associated with the lower risk of dying from IHD.

The study is published online on January 19 in the European Heart Journal.

Data analysed from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Heart study has shown that people who ate at least eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day had a 22% lower risk of dying from IHD than did those who consumed fewer than three portions a day. A portion weighed 80 grams, equal to a small banana, a medium apple, or a small carrot.

Dr Francesca Crowe of the Cancer Epidemiology Unit at the University of Oxford, UK, and the first author of the paper by the EPIC study collaborators, said: "This study involved over 300,000 people in eight different European countries, with 1,636 deaths from IHD. It shows a 4% reduced risk of dying from IHD for each additional portion of fruit and vegetables consumed above the lowest intake of two portions. In other words, the risk of a fatal IHD for someone eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day would be 4% lower compared to someone consuming four portions a day, and so on up to eight portions or more."

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is characterised by reduced blood supply to the heart; people suffering from it can develop angina, chest pains and have a heart attack.

The EPIC study started in 1992 and recruited participants from a total of ten European countries* until 2000. For the analysis of IHD deaths, data from eight countries for people aged between 40 and 85 were used. Participants answered questions about their diet at the time of entry to the study and other questions about health, socio-economic status and life-style, such as smoking, drinking and exercise habits. They were followed-up for an average of nearly eight and a half years.

The researchers found that the average intake of fruit and vegetables was five portions a day; people in Greece, Italy and Spain ate more, and those in Sweden ate less.

When analysing the data, the researchers made allowances for confounding factors such as differences in lifestyles and eating habits. However, the study could be limited by errors in measuring correctly people's fruit and vegetable intake as well as other aspects of their diet. In addition, the study had a higher proportion of women, which might not be generalisable to the wider European population.

Dr Crowe said: "The main message from this analysis is that, in this study, people who consume more fruits and vegetables have lower risk of dying from IHD. However, we need to be cautious in our interpretation of the results because we are unsure whether the association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of IHD is due to some other component of diet or lifestyle.

"If we could understand, by means of well-designed intervention studies, the biological mechanisms that could underlie the association between fruits and vegetables and IHD, this might help to determine whether or not the relation between fruit and vegetables with IHD risk is causal."

In an accompanying editorial, Professor Sir Michael Marmot, director of the University College London (UCL) International Institute for Society and Health, head of the UCL Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, and chairman of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, writes that it is difficult to reach firm conclusions about causation from results that show a 22% lower risk of dying from IHD (an odds ration of 0.78) in people who eat eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day.

He continues: "Such an odds ratio is, however, of huge practical importance. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death. A reduction of 22% is huge. But... this reduction in mortality comes with consumption of eight portions a day, or 640g. Such a high consumption was found in only 18% of the men and women in these eight cohorts. There would need to be big shift in dietary patterns to achieve this healthy consumption of eight portions a day. It is worth trying to move in that direction. Reductions in cancers of several sites, in blood pressure and stroke, would add to this reduction in fatal CHD. Moving to a diet that emphasises fruit and vegetables is of great importance to public health."

*The ten countries include: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. For the Heart component of the study, data from France and Norway were excluded due to the small number of IHD deaths at the end of the follow-up period.

A European study investigating the links between diet and disease has found that people who consume more fruit and vegetables have a lower risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease -- the most common form of heart disease and one of the leading causes of death in Europe. However, the authors point out that a higher fruit and vegetable intake occurs among people with other healthy eating habits and lifestyles, and that these factors could also be associated with the lower risk of dying from IHD.

The study is published online on January 19 in the European Heart Journal.

Data analysed from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Heart study has shown that people who ate at least eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day had a 22% lower risk of dying from IHD than did those who consumed fewer than three portions a day. A portion weighed 80 grams, equal to a small banana, a medium apple, or a small carrot.

Dr Francesca Crowe of the Cancer Epidemiology Unit at the University of Oxford, UK, and the first author of the paper by the EPIC study collaborators, said: "This study involved over 300,000 people in eight different European countries, with 1,636 deaths from IHD. It shows a 4% reduced risk of dying from IHD for each additional portion of fruit and vegetables consumed above the lowest intake of two portions. In other words, the risk of a fatal IHD for someone eating five portions of fruit and vegetables a day would be 4% lower compared to someone consuming four portions a day, and so on up to eight portions or more."

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is characterised by reduced blood supply to the heart; people suffering from it can develop angina, chest pains and have a heart attack.

The EPIC study started in 1992 and recruited participants from a total of ten European countries* until 2000. For the analysis of IHD deaths, data from eight countries for people aged between 40 and 85 were used. Participants answered questions about their diet at the time of entry to the study and other questions about health, socio-economic status and life-style, such as smoking, drinking and exercise habits. They were followed-up for an average of nearly eight and a half years.

The researchers found that the average intake of fruit and vegetables was five portions a day; people in Greece, Italy and Spain ate more, and those in Sweden ate less.

When analysing the data, the researchers made allowances for confounding factors such as differences in lifestyles and eating habits. However, the study could be limited by errors in measuring correctly people's fruit and vegetable intake as well as other aspects of their diet. In addition, the study had a higher proportion of women, which might not be generalisable to the wider European population.

Dr Crowe said: "The main message from this analysis is that, in this study, people who consume more fruits and vegetables have lower risk of dying from IHD. However, we need to be cautious in our interpretation of the results because we are unsure whether the association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of IHD is due to some other component of diet or lifestyle.

"If we could understand, by means of well-designed intervention studies, the biological mechanisms that could underlie the association between fruits and vegetables and IHD, this might help to determine whether or not the relation between fruit and vegetables with IHD risk is causal."

In an accompanying editorial, Professor Sir Michael Marmot, director of the University College London (UCL) International Institute for Society and Health, head of the UCL Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, and chairman of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, writes that it is difficult to reach firm conclusions about causation from results that show a 22% lower risk of dying from IHD (an odds ration of 0.78) in people who eat eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day.

He continues: "Such an odds ratio is, however, of huge practical importance. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death. A reduction of 22% is huge. But... this reduction in mortality comes with consumption of eight portions a day, or 640g. Such a high consumption was found in only 18% of the men and women in these eight cohorts. There would need to be big shift in dietary patterns to achieve this healthy consumption of eight portions a day. It is worth trying to move in that direction. Reductions in cancers of several sites, in blood pressure and stroke, would add to this reduction in fatal CHD. Moving to a diet that emphasises fruit and vegetables is of great importance to public health."

*The ten countries include: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. For the Heart component of the study, data from France and Norway were excluded due to the small number of IHD deaths at the end of the follow-up period.

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