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Sunday, July 3, 2011

Are diet sodas making you fat?

Diet sodas: A sweet-tasting, calorie-free reprieve from the doldrums of boring diets? Apparently, not so much. Diet drinks, it turns out, might actually make you heavier, according to two new studies. Sure, the health benefits of diet drinks have been called into question before, with recent studies linking artificially sweetened drinks to an increased risk of heart disease. But many guzzlers of diet drinks have long regarded their favorite beverages as health neutral, since they lack both calories and fat. Are those dreams now dashed? Here, a brief guide to these new findings:

What did the researchers find?
Regular consumption of diet drinks expands one's waist over time, according to one study at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. A second study supported previously made associations between diet soda and the risk of diabetes. Researchers fed aspartame (the artificial sweetener in diet sodas) to diabetes-prone mice, and found that mice on the aspartame diet had higher blood sugar than the mice who didn't consume the chemical.

Forget the mice. How do they know diet soda expands waistlines?
Researchers recorded the height, weight, waist circumference, and diet soda intakes of 474 participants. They then measured again in three follow-up exams over two decades. Diet soda drinkers experienced 70 percent greater increases in waist circumference than non-drinkers. Those who said they were frequent drinkers — consuming two or more diet sodas a day — experienced waist circumference increases that were 500 percent greater than those who didn't drink diet soda at all.

How is that possible?
That is still unknown, but researchers speculate that the artificial sweeteners warp appetite, leaving diet soda drinkers hungry for unhealthy treats.

Does exercise play a role?
Nope. The results were the same for all diet soda drinkers, even after factors such as exercise, social class, education, and smoking were taken into account.

So, no more diet drinks?
Perhaps diet soda drinkers should consider cutting back. "The fizzy chemical cocktail can still do a number on your health," says Margaret Harmann at Jezebel. "It may be time to rethink your commitment to being comprised of 70 percent Diet Coke." Helen Hazuda, the professor who conducted the study, stopped drinking diet sodas, saying, "They may be free of calories but not of consequences."
Diet sodas: A sweet-tasting, calorie-free reprieve from the doldrums of boring diets? Apparently, not so much. Diet drinks, it turns out, might actually make you heavier, according to two new studies. Sure, the health benefits of diet drinks have been called into question before, with recent studies linking artificially sweetened drinks to an increased risk of heart disease. But many guzzlers of diet drinks have long regarded their favorite beverages as health neutral, since they lack both calories and fat. Are those dreams now dashed? Here, a brief guide to these new findings:

What did the researchers find?
Regular consumption of diet drinks expands one's waist over time, according to one study at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. A second study supported previously made associations between diet soda and the risk of diabetes. Researchers fed aspartame (the artificial sweetener in diet sodas) to diabetes-prone mice, and found that mice on the aspartame diet had higher blood sugar than the mice who didn't consume the chemical.

Forget the mice. How do they know diet soda expands waistlines?
Researchers recorded the height, weight, waist circumference, and diet soda intakes of 474 participants. They then measured again in three follow-up exams over two decades. Diet soda drinkers experienced 70 percent greater increases in waist circumference than non-drinkers. Those who said they were frequent drinkers — consuming two or more diet sodas a day — experienced waist circumference increases that were 500 percent greater than those who didn't drink diet soda at all.

How is that possible?
That is still unknown, but researchers speculate that the artificial sweeteners warp appetite, leaving diet soda drinkers hungry for unhealthy treats.

Does exercise play a role?
Nope. The results were the same for all diet soda drinkers, even after factors such as exercise, social class, education, and smoking were taken into account.

So, no more diet drinks?
Perhaps diet soda drinkers should consider cutting back. "The fizzy chemical cocktail can still do a number on your health," says Margaret Harmann at Jezebel. "It may be time to rethink your commitment to being comprised of 70 percent Diet Coke." Helen Hazuda, the professor who conducted the study, stopped drinking diet sodas, saying, "They may be free of calories but not of consequences."
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Tuesday, June 28, 2011

Onion & Garlic Poisoning in Cats

Salgado BS, Monteiro LN, Rocha NS: Alliumspecies poisoning in dogs and cats, J Venon Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis 17:4,2011.  

The genus Allium includes onion, garlic, leek, chives, shallots, and scallions. All Allium species and their derivatives can be poisonous to dogs and cats. Their toxic components can damage red blood cells (RBC), leading to a hemolytic anemia. In particular, cats are 2 to 3 times more susceptible to RBC damage from these components than other species. Onion toxicosis is noted in animals that consume more than 0.5% of their body weight; in a 10 lb cat, this would be 8 oz. Ingestion of smaller amounts over several days can lead to RBC damage. Notably, manufacturers often add onion powder to baby food to increase palatability; and baby food is often given to cats when they are ill to entice eating. Commonly, signs lag behind consumption by a few days – vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and dehydration may occur. Treatment is mainly supportive. Owners should restrict access to these foodstuffs. [MK]

Related articles:
Salgado BS, Monteiro LN, Rocha NS: Alliumspecies poisoning in dogs and cats, J Venon Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis 17:4,2011.  

The genus Allium includes onion, garlic, leek, chives, shallots, and scallions. All Allium species and their derivatives can be poisonous to dogs and cats. Their toxic components can damage red blood cells (RBC), leading to a hemolytic anemia. In particular, cats are 2 to 3 times more susceptible to RBC damage from these components than other species. Onion toxicosis is noted in animals that consume more than 0.5% of their body weight; in a 10 lb cat, this would be 8 oz. Ingestion of smaller amounts over several days can lead to RBC damage. Notably, manufacturers often add onion powder to baby food to increase palatability; and baby food is often given to cats when they are ill to entice eating. Commonly, signs lag behind consumption by a few days – vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and dehydration may occur. Treatment is mainly supportive. Owners should restrict access to these foodstuffs. [MK]

Related articles:
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Monday, June 27, 2011

High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification.

Dietary vitamin K is thought to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing coronary calcification, but inconsistent results are reported. This may be due to different effects of vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) and vitamin K(2) (menaquinone, MK), but few studies included both.

We investigated the association of intake of phylloquinone and menaquinone, including its subtypes (MK4-MK10), with coronary calcification in a cross-sectional study among 564 post-menopausal women. Phylloquinone and menaquinone intake was estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS: Sixty-two percent (n=360) of the women had coronary calcification based on 1.5-mm thick slices. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with coronary calcification with a relative risk (RR) of 1.17 (95%-confidence interval: 0.96-1.42; p(trend)=0.11) of the highest versus lowest quartile. Menaquinone intake was associated with decreased coronary calcification with an RR of 0.80 (95%-CI: 0.65-0.98; p(trend)=0.03).

CONCLUSION: This study shows that high dietary menaquinone intake, but probably not phylloquinone, is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Adequate menaquinone intakes could therefore be important to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Dietary vitamin K is thought to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing coronary calcification, but inconsistent results are reported. This may be due to different effects of vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) and vitamin K(2) (menaquinone, MK), but few studies included both.

We investigated the association of intake of phylloquinone and menaquinone, including its subtypes (MK4-MK10), with coronary calcification in a cross-sectional study among 564 post-menopausal women. Phylloquinone and menaquinone intake was estimated using a food-frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS: Sixty-two percent (n=360) of the women had coronary calcification based on 1.5-mm thick slices. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with coronary calcification with a relative risk (RR) of 1.17 (95%-confidence interval: 0.96-1.42; p(trend)=0.11) of the highest versus lowest quartile. Menaquinone intake was associated with decreased coronary calcification with an RR of 0.80 (95%-CI: 0.65-0.98; p(trend)=0.03).

CONCLUSION: This study shows that high dietary menaquinone intake, but probably not phylloquinone, is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Adequate menaquinone intakes could therefore be important to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Tuesday, June 21, 2011

Feline Squamous Cell Carcinoma


Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of feline skin and oral cavity.  In humans, it has been suggested that human papillomaviruses along with ultraviolet light may act as cofactors in human skin cancer. These researchers determined the prevalence of papillomavirus in cutaneous and non-cutaneous pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions (SCCs) in 84 cats using virus genetic detection (PCR). Evidence of papillomavirus infection was found in 20 of the 126 samples tested. Interestingly, 50% of them were found to be most similar to human papillomavirus. The role of UV light in feline SCC remains unclear, and any causal relationship between SCCs and papillomaviruses in cats cannot be concluded. Papillomavirus was present in more cases than originally identified; the researchers point out the need for a larger prospective study to determine its role. [MK]

Related articles:

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of feline skin and oral cavity.  In humans, it has been suggested that human papillomaviruses along with ultraviolet light may act as cofactors in human skin cancer. These researchers determined the prevalence of papillomavirus in cutaneous and non-cutaneous pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions (SCCs) in 84 cats using virus genetic detection (PCR). Evidence of papillomavirus infection was found in 20 of the 126 samples tested. Interestingly, 50% of them were found to be most similar to human papillomavirus. The role of UV light in feline SCC remains unclear, and any causal relationship between SCCs and papillomaviruses in cats cannot be concluded. Papillomavirus was present in more cases than originally identified; the researchers point out the need for a larger prospective study to determine its role. [MK]

Related articles:

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
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Tuesday, June 14, 2011

Treatment of Ringworm in Shelter Cats

Newbury S, Moriello KA, Kwochka KW et al: Use of itraconazole and either lime sulphur or Malaseb Concentrate Rinse® to treat shelter cats naturally infected with Microsporum canis: an open field trial, Vet Dermatol 22:75, 2011. 

Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is an important skin disease in cats because it is highly contagious and has a zoonotic potential. This disease can be a problem in shelters, especially because of the effect on the most adoptable population in an animal shelter: kittens and young cats. The authors performed an open, non-randomized study of 90 cats with severe dermatophytosis. The cats were treated with 21 days of oral itraconazole at 10 mg/kg and one of three topical antifungal rinses applied twice weekly: lime sulphur (LSO); reformulated lime sulphur with an odor-masking agent (LSR); or a 0.2% miconazole nitrate and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate rinse (MC). Weekly examinations were performed along with monitoring of fungal cultures for response to therapy. The cats were not prevented from licking the rinse solutions and none developed oral ulcerations. The study concluded that LSO, LSR, and MC are options for adjunct topical antifungal therapy. LSO was found to result in a significantly shorter number of treatment days than MC or LSR. When a shelter has limited facilities and room for treatment of cats, LSO may be the best option for topical treatment.  [VT]

Related articles:
Diesel A, Verbrugge M, Moriello KA: Efficacy of eight commercial formulations of lime sulphur on in vitro growth inhibition of Microsporum canis, Vet Dermatol 22:197, 2011.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
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Newbury S, Moriello KA, Kwochka KW et al: Use of itraconazole and either lime sulphur or Malaseb Concentrate Rinse® to treat shelter cats naturally infected with Microsporum canis: an open field trial, Vet Dermatol 22:75, 2011. 

Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is an important skin disease in cats because it is highly contagious and has a zoonotic potential. This disease can be a problem in shelters, especially because of the effect on the most adoptable population in an animal shelter: kittens and young cats. The authors performed an open, non-randomized study of 90 cats with severe dermatophytosis. The cats were treated with 21 days of oral itraconazole at 10 mg/kg and one of three topical antifungal rinses applied twice weekly: lime sulphur (LSO); reformulated lime sulphur with an odor-masking agent (LSR); or a 0.2% miconazole nitrate and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate rinse (MC). Weekly examinations were performed along with monitoring of fungal cultures for response to therapy. The cats were not prevented from licking the rinse solutions and none developed oral ulcerations. The study concluded that LSO, LSR, and MC are options for adjunct topical antifungal therapy. LSO was found to result in a significantly shorter number of treatment days than MC or LSR. When a shelter has limited facilities and room for treatment of cats, LSO may be the best option for topical treatment.  [VT]

Related articles:
Diesel A, Verbrugge M, Moriello KA: Efficacy of eight commercial formulations of lime sulphur on in vitro growth inhibition of Microsporum canis, Vet Dermatol 22:197, 2011.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
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Friday, June 10, 2011

Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of a toxic chemical in human derived liver cell lines. - GreenMedInfo Summary

Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2).
Aim of the present experiments was to study the genotoxic effects of coffee diterpenoids, namely cafestol palmitate and a mix of cafestol and kahweol (C+K) in human derived hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Furthermore, we investigated the potential protective properties of these substances towards carcinogens contained in the human diet, namely N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). C+K and cafestol palmitate were tested over a broad dose range in micronucleus (MN) assays and no indication for genotoxic effects was seen. In combination experiments with PhIP (300 microM), pronounced inhibition (approximately 1.7-fold) of MN formation was observed with C+K and cafestol palmitate at dose levels>or = 0.9 and 1.7 microg/ml, respectively. Enzyme measurements indicate that the protection is due to inhibition of sulfotransferase, an enzyme involved in the activation of the amine, and/or to induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase which detoxifies the DNA-reactive metabolites of PhIP. Furthermore, a significant increase of glutathione-S-transferase was seen, whereas the activities of cytochrome P-450 1A1 and N-acetyltransferase 1 were not significantly altered. Also in combination experiments with C+K and NDMA, strong protective effects (50% reduction of genotoxicity) were seen at low dose levels (>or = 0.3 microg/ml). Since inhibition of MN was also observed when C+K were added after incubation with NDMA, it is likely that the chemoprotective effects are due to induction of DNA repair enzymes. Comparison of data on the effects of C+K on the cholesterol metabolism, which was investigated in earlier in vivo studies, with the present findings suggests that DNA-protective effects take place at exposure levels which are substantially lower than those which cause hypercholesterolemia
Coffee diterpenes prevent the genotoxic effects of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine in a human derived liver cell line (HepG2).
Aim of the present experiments was to study the genotoxic effects of coffee diterpenoids, namely cafestol palmitate and a mix of cafestol and kahweol (C+K) in human derived hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Furthermore, we investigated the potential protective properties of these substances towards carcinogens contained in the human diet, namely N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). C+K and cafestol palmitate were tested over a broad dose range in micronucleus (MN) assays and no indication for genotoxic effects was seen. In combination experiments with PhIP (300 microM), pronounced inhibition (approximately 1.7-fold) of MN formation was observed with C+K and cafestol palmitate at dose levels>or = 0.9 and 1.7 microg/ml, respectively. Enzyme measurements indicate that the protection is due to inhibition of sulfotransferase, an enzyme involved in the activation of the amine, and/or to induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase which detoxifies the DNA-reactive metabolites of PhIP. Furthermore, a significant increase of glutathione-S-transferase was seen, whereas the activities of cytochrome P-450 1A1 and N-acetyltransferase 1 were not significantly altered. Also in combination experiments with C+K and NDMA, strong protective effects (50% reduction of genotoxicity) were seen at low dose levels (>or = 0.3 microg/ml). Since inhibition of MN was also observed when C+K were added after incubation with NDMA, it is likely that the chemoprotective effects are due to induction of DNA repair enzymes. Comparison of data on the effects of C+K on the cholesterol metabolism, which was investigated in earlier in vivo studies, with the present findings suggests that DNA-protective effects take place at exposure levels which are substantially lower than those which cause hypercholesterolemia
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Tuesday, June 7, 2011

Treatment of Acute Kidney Injuries


Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) is a process used in managing acute kidney injury that is refractory to fluid therapy. PD utilizes the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane in order to move solutes and water between blood in the peritoneal capillaries and fluid (dialysate) instilled in the peritoneal cavity. This study of the medical records of 22 cats with acute kidney injury examined the indications, effectiveness, outcomes, and complications associated with use of PD in the affected cats. Indications for peritoneal dialysis include acute-on-chronic- kidney injury, acute kidney injury caused by toxins, bilateral ureteroliths, bilateral ureteral ligation as a complication of ovariohysterectomy, and unknown causes. For all cats on PD, the median survival time was 4 days, though the median survival time for cats discharged from the hospital was 774 days. Dialysate retention and sequestration of dialysate under the skin were the most common complications noted. Results found a significant decrease between the pre-and post-dialysis results for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations. PD could be used as an effective option for treatment in cats with acute kidney injury that is refractory to fluid therapy.  [VT]

Related articles:
Cooper RL, Labato MA: Peritoneal dialysis in veterinary medicine, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41:91, 2011.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
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Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) is a process used in managing acute kidney injury that is refractory to fluid therapy. PD utilizes the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane in order to move solutes and water between blood in the peritoneal capillaries and fluid (dialysate) instilled in the peritoneal cavity. This study of the medical records of 22 cats with acute kidney injury examined the indications, effectiveness, outcomes, and complications associated with use of PD in the affected cats. Indications for peritoneal dialysis include acute-on-chronic- kidney injury, acute kidney injury caused by toxins, bilateral ureteroliths, bilateral ureteral ligation as a complication of ovariohysterectomy, and unknown causes. For all cats on PD, the median survival time was 4 days, though the median survival time for cats discharged from the hospital was 774 days. Dialysate retention and sequestration of dialysate under the skin were the most common complications noted. Results found a significant decrease between the pre-and post-dialysis results for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total protein, and albumin concentrations. PD could be used as an effective option for treatment in cats with acute kidney injury that is refractory to fluid therapy.  [VT]

Related articles:
Cooper RL, Labato MA: Peritoneal dialysis in veterinary medicine, Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41:91, 2011.

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library
Join us on Facebook
Follow us on Twitter
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