Feline Diabetes & Dry Food Diets

Slingerland, L. I., V. V. Fazilova, et al. (2009). "Indoor confinement and physical inactivity rather than the proportion of dry food are risk factors in the development of feline type 2 diabetes mellitus." Vet J 179(2): 247-253.

Researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands used a telephone questionnaire to investigate risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats. Commercially produced dry diets are relatively high in carbohydrates especially as compared to canned food diets and the investigators hypothesized that dry food may be a risk factor for development of DM. In addition, physical activity, which is known to influence development of DM in humans, was evaluated. Owners of 96 cats diagnosed with DM from 28 clinics throughout the Netherlands were questioned. These were matched with owners of 192 healthy control cats. The association between questionnaire-derived factors and development of DM was analyzed. The researchers found that the proportion of dry food in the diet did not appear to be an independent factor for DM development, but physical inactivity and indoor confinement were. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Bennett, N., D. Greco, et al. (2006). "Comparison of a low carbohydrate-low fiber diet and a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus." J Fel Med Surg 8(2): 73-84.
>> PubMed Abstract

Martin, G. and J. Rand (1999). "Food intake and blood glucose in normal and diabetic cats fed ad libitum." J Fel Med Surg 1(4): 241.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Slingerland, L. I., V. V. Fazilova, et al. (2009). "Indoor confinement and physical inactivity rather than the proportion of dry food are risk factors in the development of feline type 2 diabetes mellitus." Vet J 179(2): 247-253.

Researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands used a telephone questionnaire to investigate risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats. Commercially produced dry diets are relatively high in carbohydrates especially as compared to canned food diets and the investigators hypothesized that dry food may be a risk factor for development of DM. In addition, physical activity, which is known to influence development of DM in humans, was evaluated. Owners of 96 cats diagnosed with DM from 28 clinics throughout the Netherlands were questioned. These were matched with owners of 192 healthy control cats. The association between questionnaire-derived factors and development of DM was analyzed. The researchers found that the proportion of dry food in the diet did not appear to be an independent factor for DM development, but physical inactivity and indoor confinement were. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Bennett, N., D. Greco, et al. (2006). "Comparison of a low carbohydrate-low fiber diet and a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus." J Fel Med Surg 8(2): 73-84.
>> PubMed Abstract

Martin, G. and J. Rand (1999). "Food intake and blood glucose in normal and diabetic cats fed ad libitum." J Fel Med Surg 1(4): 241.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Rickets in Cats

Geisen, V., K. Weber, et al. (2009). "Vitamin D-Dependent Hereditary Rickets Type I in a Cat." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23(1): 196-199.

A 5-month-old female domestic short hair cat was examined for a short history of generalized pain. The cat weighed 1.8 kg and had a sibling in the household that was healthy and weighed 2.6 kg. The cat was increasingly reluctant to move and had also developed constipation. Radiographs indicated reduced skeletal mineralization. A serum biochemistry profile indicated such abnormalities as hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, plus elevated alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase values. Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and skeletal abnormalities are indicative of rickets. Rickets can develop after prolonged feeding of a diet deficient in calcium or vitamin D. Cats cannot synthesize vitamin D in the skin so sunlight does not contribute to their vitamin D supply. A board certified nutritionist analyzed the diet fed to both cats and determined it was not deficient. Parathyroid hormone was measured and found to be high. Calcium gluconate and a vitamin D metabolite (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) were started as a therapeutic regimen. Radiographs were taken 4 months after starting treatment and bone structure, while still abnormal, showed marked improvement. Vitamin D-dependent rickets Type I (VDDRI) is caused by a defect in the gene encoding the enzyme 25-hyproxyvitamin D-1-alpha hydroxylase (CYP27B1). This is an autosomal recessive disorder. The affected cat had genetic sequencing performed and two mutations were found that affect the CYP27B1 transcript. These results along with the clinical findings of rickets and hyperparathyroidism confirmed a case of VDDR1. The patient was continued on oral 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol to maintain calcium homeostasis and will need to be continued lifelong with frequent rechecks of serum calcium concentrations. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Godfrey, D. R., R. M. Anderson, et al. (2005). "Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II in a cat." J Small Anim Pract 46(9): 440-4.
>> PubMed Abstract

Tanner, E. and S. Langley-Hobbs (2005). "Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2 with characteristic radiographic changes in a 4-month-old kitten." J Fel Med Surg 7(5): 307-311.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Geisen, V., K. Weber, et al. (2009). "Vitamin D-Dependent Hereditary Rickets Type I in a Cat." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23(1): 196-199.

A 5-month-old female domestic short hair cat was examined for a short history of generalized pain. The cat weighed 1.8 kg and had a sibling in the household that was healthy and weighed 2.6 kg. The cat was increasingly reluctant to move and had also developed constipation. Radiographs indicated reduced skeletal mineralization. A serum biochemistry profile indicated such abnormalities as hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, plus elevated alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase values. Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and skeletal abnormalities are indicative of rickets. Rickets can develop after prolonged feeding of a diet deficient in calcium or vitamin D. Cats cannot synthesize vitamin D in the skin so sunlight does not contribute to their vitamin D supply. A board certified nutritionist analyzed the diet fed to both cats and determined it was not deficient. Parathyroid hormone was measured and found to be high. Calcium gluconate and a vitamin D metabolite (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) were started as a therapeutic regimen. Radiographs were taken 4 months after starting treatment and bone structure, while still abnormal, showed marked improvement. Vitamin D-dependent rickets Type I (VDDRI) is caused by a defect in the gene encoding the enzyme 25-hyproxyvitamin D-1-alpha hydroxylase (CYP27B1). This is an autosomal recessive disorder. The affected cat had genetic sequencing performed and two mutations were found that affect the CYP27B1 transcript. These results along with the clinical findings of rickets and hyperparathyroidism confirmed a case of VDDR1. The patient was continued on oral 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol to maintain calcium homeostasis and will need to be continued lifelong with frequent rechecks of serum calcium concentrations. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Godfrey, D. R., R. M. Anderson, et al. (2005). "Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II in a cat." J Small Anim Pract 46(9): 440-4.
>> PubMed Abstract

Tanner, E. and S. Langley-Hobbs (2005). "Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2 with characteristic radiographic changes in a 4-month-old kitten." J Fel Med Surg 7(5): 307-311.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Immunity and Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Giordano, A. and S. Paltrinieri (2009). "Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection." Vet J 180(3): 396-8.

Investigators from the University of Milan studied and compared the quantity of interferon-gamma concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with the concentrations in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form of FCoV. Interferon-gamma is a cytokine and an important modulator of cell mediated immunity. Cats with strong cell mediated immunity (CMI) either do not become infected with FCoV or develop the non-effusive form of FIP. Investigators divided cases into two major groups: Group A included cats with clinical FIP and Group B included FCoV infected clinically normal animals. Group A was further subdivided into two groups, those with non-effusive FIP (A1) and effusive FIP (A2). Group B was also subdivided into 2 groups where subgroup B1 included cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP and group B2 included cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. Clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP had the highest level of serum interferon-gamma. The serum concentration of interferon-gamma was not significantly different in cats with FIP and the clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. The effusions from cats with FIP had a significantly higher level (40 fold) of interferon-gamma than the serum in these cats. This suggests that cells within FIP lesions produce the interferon-gamma present in effusions. The investigators believe the results indicate that CMI is also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FIP, and interferon-gamma prevents the onset of FIP in some instances and could contribute to development of disease in others. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Kipar, A., M. L. Meli, et al. (2006). "Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection." Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112(3-4): 141-55.
>> PubMed Abstract

Paltrinieri, S., C. Metzger, et al. (2007). "Serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration in non-symptomatic cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection." J Feline Med Surg 9(4): 271-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Giordano, A. and S. Paltrinieri (2009). "Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection." Vet J 180(3): 396-8.

Investigators from the University of Milan studied and compared the quantity of interferon-gamma concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with the concentrations in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form of FCoV. Interferon-gamma is a cytokine and an important modulator of cell mediated immunity. Cats with strong cell mediated immunity (CMI) either do not become infected with FCoV or develop the non-effusive form of FIP. Investigators divided cases into two major groups: Group A included cats with clinical FIP and Group B included FCoV infected clinically normal animals. Group A was further subdivided into two groups, those with non-effusive FIP (A1) and effusive FIP (A2). Group B was also subdivided into 2 groups where subgroup B1 included cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP and group B2 included cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. Clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP had the highest level of serum interferon-gamma. The serum concentration of interferon-gamma was not significantly different in cats with FIP and the clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. The effusions from cats with FIP had a significantly higher level (40 fold) of interferon-gamma than the serum in these cats. This suggests that cells within FIP lesions produce the interferon-gamma present in effusions. The investigators believe the results indicate that CMI is also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FIP, and interferon-gamma prevents the onset of FIP in some instances and could contribute to development of disease in others. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Kipar, A., M. L. Meli, et al. (2006). "Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection." Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112(3-4): 141-55.
>> PubMed Abstract

Paltrinieri, S., C. Metzger, et al. (2007). "Serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration in non-symptomatic cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection." J Feline Med Surg 9(4): 271-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More

Cats and Toxoplasmosis

Malmasi, A., B. Mosallanejad, et al. (2009). "Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral clindamycin: a preliminary study." Zoonoses Public Health 56(2): 102-4.

Researchers from the University of Tehran investigated the effect of oral clindamycin on shedding of Toxoplasma organisms in infected cats. Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoal parasite that infects many mammalian species, including cats and humans. Infected cats shed millions of oocysts, which can then infect contact animals, including humans, with potentially serious consequences. While numbers of animals evaluated in this study were small (twelve infected cats, six treated, and six untreated), and clindamycin administration was given for 24 days beginning 3 days prior to and continuing through 3 weeks post-infection (this timing would not likely occur in natural infections), shedding did not occur in the treated cats. In contrast, treated cats shed for over one week. Following immunosuppression through administration of dexamethasone 45 days post-infection, the previously-treated cats again demonstrated no shedding of the organism in contrast to non-treated cats. Giving clindamycin prophylactically to cats made them oocyst-free and as long as they were receiving the medication, and they did not shed oocysts even under severe immunosuppression. This study is a model for future studies with larger groups. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Lloyd, S. and J. Smith (2001). "Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora species in kittens and puppies." Vet Rec 148(16): 509-11.

Vollaire, M., S. Radecki, et al. (2005). "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States." Am J Vet Res 66(5): 874-877.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Malmasi, A., B. Mosallanejad, et al. (2009). "Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral clindamycin: a preliminary study." Zoonoses Public Health 56(2): 102-4.

Researchers from the University of Tehran investigated the effect of oral clindamycin on shedding of Toxoplasma organisms in infected cats. Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoal parasite that infects many mammalian species, including cats and humans. Infected cats shed millions of oocysts, which can then infect contact animals, including humans, with potentially serious consequences. While numbers of animals evaluated in this study were small (twelve infected cats, six treated, and six untreated), and clindamycin administration was given for 24 days beginning 3 days prior to and continuing through 3 weeks post-infection (this timing would not likely occur in natural infections), shedding did not occur in the treated cats. In contrast, treated cats shed for over one week. Following immunosuppression through administration of dexamethasone 45 days post-infection, the previously-treated cats again demonstrated no shedding of the organism in contrast to non-treated cats. Giving clindamycin prophylactically to cats made them oocyst-free and as long as they were receiving the medication, and they did not shed oocysts even under severe immunosuppression. This study is a model for future studies with larger groups. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Lloyd, S. and J. Smith (2001). "Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora species in kittens and puppies." Vet Rec 148(16): 509-11.

Vollaire, M., S. Radecki, et al. (2005). "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States." Am J Vet Res 66(5): 874-877.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More

Probiotics for Cats

Wynn, S. G. (2009). "Probiotics in veterinary practice." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234(5): 606-613.

The definition of a probiotic is one of several “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” Probiotics have luminal and mucosal effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the body. Mucosal effects would include interactions with immune cells and enterocytes. Luminal effects include chemical changes in ingesta and mucus as a result of the probiotic activity. Cats and dogs have high numbers of bacteria in the proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, more so than seen in humans. Cat feces contain high number of anaerobic bacteria, so the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus has been evaluated in the cat. The use of probiotics clearly seems to enhance immune function in cats and seems to have a role in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and diarrhea). Other clinical effects are still being considered. However, probiotic products have a large variation in quality control and the safety factor is still being evaluated. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weese, J. S. (2002). "Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics." J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(6): 794-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

Weese, J. S. (2003). "Evaluation of deficiencies in labeling of commercial probiotics." Can Vet J 44(12): 982-3.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Wynn, S. G. (2009). "Probiotics in veterinary practice." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234(5): 606-613.

The definition of a probiotic is one of several “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” Probiotics have luminal and mucosal effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the body. Mucosal effects would include interactions with immune cells and enterocytes. Luminal effects include chemical changes in ingesta and mucus as a result of the probiotic activity. Cats and dogs have high numbers of bacteria in the proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, more so than seen in humans. Cat feces contain high number of anaerobic bacteria, so the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus has been evaluated in the cat. The use of probiotics clearly seems to enhance immune function in cats and seems to have a role in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and diarrhea). Other clinical effects are still being considered. However, probiotic products have a large variation in quality control and the safety factor is still being evaluated. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weese, J. S. (2002). "Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics." J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(6): 794-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

Weese, J. S. (2003). "Evaluation of deficiencies in labeling of commercial probiotics." Can Vet J 44(12): 982-3.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More

Biochemical Testing for Feline Heart Disease

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.

Nt-proANP is a natriuretic peptide produced in the cardiac muscle cells of the atria. In humans, ANP concentrations are used to distinguish people with chronic heart failure and monitor progression of the disease, survivability, and the efficacy of cardiac interventions. Two recent studies in cats indicated that plasma ANP concentrations were higher in cats with cardiomyopathy (CM) than in healthy cats. This study looked at 43 cats that were divided into three groups: control cats, cats with cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure (CM without CHF), and cats with cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure (CM with CHF). All cats had a physical examination, assessment of clinicopathologic variables that included plasma thyroxine concentration, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Each cat was assigned to one of the three groups based on results of these findings. A blood sample was taken from all 43 cats for a plasma Nt-proANP concentration using a human ELISA test kit. The first goal of the study was to determine whether Nt-proANP concentrations in cats with CM differ from concentrations in healthy cats. A second goal was to determine if there was a difference in values between cats with CM and no CHF from those cats that had CM with CHF. The results showed significant difference in Nt-proANP concentrations between the control cats that were healthy and the group with CM without CHF. The values were much higher in those cats assessed with CM only. The cats with CM with CHF had even significantly higher concentrations of Nt-proANP than the elevated values noted for the cats with CM and no CHF. Nt-proANP measurement could aid in the assessment of cats with cardiomyopathy and might be useful as a screening marker for the disease. The assay also has the potential for distinguishing between cats with CM without CHF and cats with CM and CHF. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.
>> PubMed Abstract

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.

Nt-proANP is a natriuretic peptide produced in the cardiac muscle cells of the atria. In humans, ANP concentrations are used to distinguish people with chronic heart failure and monitor progression of the disease, survivability, and the efficacy of cardiac interventions. Two recent studies in cats indicated that plasma ANP concentrations were higher in cats with cardiomyopathy (CM) than in healthy cats. This study looked at 43 cats that were divided into three groups: control cats, cats with cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure (CM without CHF), and cats with cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure (CM with CHF). All cats had a physical examination, assessment of clinicopathologic variables that included plasma thyroxine concentration, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Each cat was assigned to one of the three groups based on results of these findings. A blood sample was taken from all 43 cats for a plasma Nt-proANP concentration using a human ELISA test kit. The first goal of the study was to determine whether Nt-proANP concentrations in cats with CM differ from concentrations in healthy cats. A second goal was to determine if there was a difference in values between cats with CM and no CHF from those cats that had CM with CHF. The results showed significant difference in Nt-proANP concentrations between the control cats that were healthy and the group with CM without CHF. The values were much higher in those cats assessed with CM only. The cats with CM with CHF had even significantly higher concentrations of Nt-proANP than the elevated values noted for the cats with CM and no CHF. Nt-proANP measurement could aid in the assessment of cats with cardiomyopathy and might be useful as a screening marker for the disease. The assay also has the potential for distinguishing between cats with CM without CHF and cats with CM and CHF. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.
>> PubMed Abstract

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More

Pain Management for Special Feline Cases

Mathews, K. A. (2008). "Pain management for the pregnant, lactating, and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(6): 1291-308, vi-vii.

The majority of the information available to veterinarians on pain management for small animals is for the mature patient. Pregnant and lactating queens and neonates have received little attention or investigation. Unfortunately, this means that pain management is often avoided for these patients, due to concerns over adverse effects. The purpose of this review article is to focus on commonly available analgesics for these special patients. During pregnancy, opioids are the preferred analgesic for both women and animals. For example, opioids may be used to control pain associated with caesarean section with little or no effect on neonates. For lactating animals, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used. Opioids are also often used for pediatric patients, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are avoided in animals under 6 weeks of age. The risks and benefits of each class of drug, as well as a table of drugs and dosages are included. Dissemination of such information will help provide pain relief to some of the most vulnerable patients in veterinary medicine. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Dyson, D. H. (2008). "Perioperative Pain Management in Veterinary Patients." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(6): 1309-1327.
>> PubMed Abstract

Robertson, S. and P. Taylor (2004). "Pain management in cats - past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain - clinical pharmacology." J Fel Med Surg 6(5): 321-333.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Mathews, K. A. (2008). "Pain management for the pregnant, lactating, and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(6): 1291-308, vi-vii.

The majority of the information available to veterinarians on pain management for small animals is for the mature patient. Pregnant and lactating queens and neonates have received little attention or investigation. Unfortunately, this means that pain management is often avoided for these patients, due to concerns over adverse effects. The purpose of this review article is to focus on commonly available analgesics for these special patients. During pregnancy, opioids are the preferred analgesic for both women and animals. For example, opioids may be used to control pain associated with caesarean section with little or no effect on neonates. For lactating animals, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used. Opioids are also often used for pediatric patients, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are avoided in animals under 6 weeks of age. The risks and benefits of each class of drug, as well as a table of drugs and dosages are included. Dissemination of such information will help provide pain relief to some of the most vulnerable patients in veterinary medicine. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Dyson, D. H. (2008). "Perioperative Pain Management in Veterinary Patients." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(6): 1309-1327.
>> PubMed Abstract

Robertson, S. and P. Taylor (2004). "Pain management in cats - past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain - clinical pharmacology." J Fel Med Surg 6(5): 321-333.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More