Immunity and Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Giordano, A. and S. Paltrinieri (2009). "Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection." Vet J 180(3): 396-8.

Investigators from the University of Milan studied and compared the quantity of interferon-gamma concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with the concentrations in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form of FCoV. Interferon-gamma is a cytokine and an important modulator of cell mediated immunity. Cats with strong cell mediated immunity (CMI) either do not become infected with FCoV or develop the non-effusive form of FIP. Investigators divided cases into two major groups: Group A included cats with clinical FIP and Group B included FCoV infected clinically normal animals. Group A was further subdivided into two groups, those with non-effusive FIP (A1) and effusive FIP (A2). Group B was also subdivided into 2 groups where subgroup B1 included cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP and group B2 included cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. Clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP had the highest level of serum interferon-gamma. The serum concentration of interferon-gamma was not significantly different in cats with FIP and the clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. The effusions from cats with FIP had a significantly higher level (40 fold) of interferon-gamma than the serum in these cats. This suggests that cells within FIP lesions produce the interferon-gamma present in effusions. The investigators believe the results indicate that CMI is also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FIP, and interferon-gamma prevents the onset of FIP in some instances and could contribute to development of disease in others. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Kipar, A., M. L. Meli, et al. (2006). "Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection." Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112(3-4): 141-55.
>> PubMed Abstract

Paltrinieri, S., C. Metzger, et al. (2007). "Serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration in non-symptomatic cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection." J Feline Med Surg 9(4): 271-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Giordano, A. and S. Paltrinieri (2009). "Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection." Vet J 180(3): 396-8.

Investigators from the University of Milan studied and compared the quantity of interferon-gamma concentrations in the serum of clinically normal cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) with the concentrations in the sera and effusions of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with infection with a mutated form of FCoV. Interferon-gamma is a cytokine and an important modulator of cell mediated immunity. Cats with strong cell mediated immunity (CMI) either do not become infected with FCoV or develop the non-effusive form of FIP. Investigators divided cases into two major groups: Group A included cats with clinical FIP and Group B included FCoV infected clinically normal animals. Group A was further subdivided into two groups, those with non-effusive FIP (A1) and effusive FIP (A2). Group B was also subdivided into 2 groups where subgroup B1 included cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP and group B2 included cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. Clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a high prevalence of FIP had the highest level of serum interferon-gamma. The serum concentration of interferon-gamma was not significantly different in cats with FIP and the clinically normal FCoV-infected cats from catteries with a low prevalence of FIP. The effusions from cats with FIP had a significantly higher level (40 fold) of interferon-gamma than the serum in these cats. This suggests that cells within FIP lesions produce the interferon-gamma present in effusions. The investigators believe the results indicate that CMI is also likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of FIP, and interferon-gamma prevents the onset of FIP in some instances and could contribute to development of disease in others. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Kipar, A., M. L. Meli, et al. (2006). "Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection." Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112(3-4): 141-55.
>> PubMed Abstract

Paltrinieri, S., C. Metzger, et al. (2007). "Serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration in non-symptomatic cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection." J Feline Med Surg 9(4): 271-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Cats and Toxoplasmosis

Malmasi, A., B. Mosallanejad, et al. (2009). "Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral clindamycin: a preliminary study." Zoonoses Public Health 56(2): 102-4.

Researchers from the University of Tehran investigated the effect of oral clindamycin on shedding of Toxoplasma organisms in infected cats. Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoal parasite that infects many mammalian species, including cats and humans. Infected cats shed millions of oocysts, which can then infect contact animals, including humans, with potentially serious consequences. While numbers of animals evaluated in this study were small (twelve infected cats, six treated, and six untreated), and clindamycin administration was given for 24 days beginning 3 days prior to and continuing through 3 weeks post-infection (this timing would not likely occur in natural infections), shedding did not occur in the treated cats. In contrast, treated cats shed for over one week. Following immunosuppression through administration of dexamethasone 45 days post-infection, the previously-treated cats again demonstrated no shedding of the organism in contrast to non-treated cats. Giving clindamycin prophylactically to cats made them oocyst-free and as long as they were receiving the medication, and they did not shed oocysts even under severe immunosuppression. This study is a model for future studies with larger groups. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Lloyd, S. and J. Smith (2001). "Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora species in kittens and puppies." Vet Rec 148(16): 509-11.

Vollaire, M., S. Radecki, et al. (2005). "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States." Am J Vet Res 66(5): 874-877.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Malmasi, A., B. Mosallanejad, et al. (2009). "Prevention of shedding and re-shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in experimentally infected cats treated with oral clindamycin: a preliminary study." Zoonoses Public Health 56(2): 102-4.

Researchers from the University of Tehran investigated the effect of oral clindamycin on shedding of Toxoplasma organisms in infected cats. Toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoal parasite that infects many mammalian species, including cats and humans. Infected cats shed millions of oocysts, which can then infect contact animals, including humans, with potentially serious consequences. While numbers of animals evaluated in this study were small (twelve infected cats, six treated, and six untreated), and clindamycin administration was given for 24 days beginning 3 days prior to and continuing through 3 weeks post-infection (this timing would not likely occur in natural infections), shedding did not occur in the treated cats. In contrast, treated cats shed for over one week. Following immunosuppression through administration of dexamethasone 45 days post-infection, the previously-treated cats again demonstrated no shedding of the organism in contrast to non-treated cats. Giving clindamycin prophylactically to cats made them oocyst-free and as long as they were receiving the medication, and they did not shed oocysts even under severe immunosuppression. This study is a model for future studies with larger groups. [MK]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Lloyd, S. and J. Smith (2001). "Activity of toltrazuril and diclazuril against Isospora species in kittens and puppies." Vet Rec 148(16): 509-11.

Vollaire, M., S. Radecki, et al. (2005). "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States." Am J Vet Res 66(5): 874-877.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Probiotics for Cats

Wynn, S. G. (2009). "Probiotics in veterinary practice." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234(5): 606-613.

The definition of a probiotic is one of several “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” Probiotics have luminal and mucosal effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the body. Mucosal effects would include interactions with immune cells and enterocytes. Luminal effects include chemical changes in ingesta and mucus as a result of the probiotic activity. Cats and dogs have high numbers of bacteria in the proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, more so than seen in humans. Cat feces contain high number of anaerobic bacteria, so the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus has been evaluated in the cat. The use of probiotics clearly seems to enhance immune function in cats and seems to have a role in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and diarrhea). Other clinical effects are still being considered. However, probiotic products have a large variation in quality control and the safety factor is still being evaluated. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weese, J. S. (2002). "Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics." J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(6): 794-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

Weese, J. S. (2003). "Evaluation of deficiencies in labeling of commercial probiotics." Can Vet J 44(12): 982-3.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Wynn, S. G. (2009). "Probiotics in veterinary practice." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 234(5): 606-613.

The definition of a probiotic is one of several “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.” Probiotics have luminal and mucosal effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ of the body. Mucosal effects would include interactions with immune cells and enterocytes. Luminal effects include chemical changes in ingesta and mucus as a result of the probiotic activity. Cats and dogs have high numbers of bacteria in the proximal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, more so than seen in humans. Cat feces contain high number of anaerobic bacteria, so the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus has been evaluated in the cat. The use of probiotics clearly seems to enhance immune function in cats and seems to have a role in the treatment of certain gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease and diarrhea). Other clinical effects are still being considered. However, probiotic products have a large variation in quality control and the safety factor is still being evaluated. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Weese, J. S. (2002). "Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics." J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(6): 794-7.
>> PubMed Abstract

Weese, J. S. (2003). "Evaluation of deficiencies in labeling of commercial probiotics." Can Vet J 44(12): 982-3.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Biochemical Testing for Feline Heart Disease

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.

Nt-proANP is a natriuretic peptide produced in the cardiac muscle cells of the atria. In humans, ANP concentrations are used to distinguish people with chronic heart failure and monitor progression of the disease, survivability, and the efficacy of cardiac interventions. Two recent studies in cats indicated that plasma ANP concentrations were higher in cats with cardiomyopathy (CM) than in healthy cats. This study looked at 43 cats that were divided into three groups: control cats, cats with cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure (CM without CHF), and cats with cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure (CM with CHF). All cats had a physical examination, assessment of clinicopathologic variables that included plasma thyroxine concentration, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Each cat was assigned to one of the three groups based on results of these findings. A blood sample was taken from all 43 cats for a plasma Nt-proANP concentration using a human ELISA test kit. The first goal of the study was to determine whether Nt-proANP concentrations in cats with CM differ from concentrations in healthy cats. A second goal was to determine if there was a difference in values between cats with CM and no CHF from those cats that had CM with CHF. The results showed significant difference in Nt-proANP concentrations between the control cats that were healthy and the group with CM without CHF. The values were much higher in those cats assessed with CM only. The cats with CM with CHF had even significantly higher concentrations of Nt-proANP than the elevated values noted for the cats with CM and no CHF. Nt-proANP measurement could aid in the assessment of cats with cardiomyopathy and might be useful as a screening marker for the disease. The assay also has the potential for distinguishing between cats with CM without CHF and cats with CM and CHF. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.
>> PubMed Abstract

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Zimmering, T. M., F. Meneses, et al. (2009). "Measurement of N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of cats with and without cardiomyopathy." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 216-222.

Nt-proANP is a natriuretic peptide produced in the cardiac muscle cells of the atria. In humans, ANP concentrations are used to distinguish people with chronic heart failure and monitor progression of the disease, survivability, and the efficacy of cardiac interventions. Two recent studies in cats indicated that plasma ANP concentrations were higher in cats with cardiomyopathy (CM) than in healthy cats. This study looked at 43 cats that were divided into three groups: control cats, cats with cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure (CM without CHF), and cats with cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure (CM with CHF). All cats had a physical examination, assessment of clinicopathologic variables that included plasma thyroxine concentration, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography. Each cat was assigned to one of the three groups based on results of these findings. A blood sample was taken from all 43 cats for a plasma Nt-proANP concentration using a human ELISA test kit. The first goal of the study was to determine whether Nt-proANP concentrations in cats with CM differ from concentrations in healthy cats. A second goal was to determine if there was a difference in values between cats with CM and no CHF from those cats that had CM with CHF. The results showed significant difference in Nt-proANP concentrations between the control cats that were healthy and the group with CM without CHF. The values were much higher in those cats assessed with CM only. The cats with CM with CHF had even significantly higher concentrations of Nt-proANP than the elevated values noted for the cats with CM and no CHF. Nt-proANP measurement could aid in the assessment of cats with cardiomyopathy and might be useful as a screening marker for the disease. The assay also has the potential for distinguishing between cats with CM without CHF and cats with CM and CHF. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Connolly, D. J., R. J. Soares Magalhaes, et al. (2008). "Circulating natriuretic peptides in cats with heart disease." J Vet Intern Med 22(1): 96-105.
>> PubMed Abstract

Biondo, A. W., E. J. Ehrhart, et al. (2003). "Immunohistochemistry of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in control cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Vet Pathol 40(5): 501-6.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Pain Management for Special Feline Cases

Mathews, K. A. (2008). "Pain management for the pregnant, lactating, and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(6): 1291-308, vi-vii.

The majority of the information available to veterinarians on pain management for small animals is for the mature patient. Pregnant and lactating queens and neonates have received little attention or investigation. Unfortunately, this means that pain management is often avoided for these patients, due to concerns over adverse effects. The purpose of this review article is to focus on commonly available analgesics for these special patients. During pregnancy, opioids are the preferred analgesic for both women and animals. For example, opioids may be used to control pain associated with caesarean section with little or no effect on neonates. For lactating animals, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used. Opioids are also often used for pediatric patients, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are avoided in animals under 6 weeks of age. The risks and benefits of each class of drug, as well as a table of drugs and dosages are included. Dissemination of such information will help provide pain relief to some of the most vulnerable patients in veterinary medicine. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Dyson, D. H. (2008). "Perioperative Pain Management in Veterinary Patients." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(6): 1309-1327.
>> PubMed Abstract

Robertson, S. and P. Taylor (2004). "Pain management in cats - past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain - clinical pharmacology." J Fel Med Surg 6(5): 321-333.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Mathews, K. A. (2008). "Pain management for the pregnant, lactating, and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog." Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 38(6): 1291-308, vi-vii.

The majority of the information available to veterinarians on pain management for small animals is for the mature patient. Pregnant and lactating queens and neonates have received little attention or investigation. Unfortunately, this means that pain management is often avoided for these patients, due to concerns over adverse effects. The purpose of this review article is to focus on commonly available analgesics for these special patients. During pregnancy, opioids are the preferred analgesic for both women and animals. For example, opioids may be used to control pain associated with caesarean section with little or no effect on neonates. For lactating animals, opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used. Opioids are also often used for pediatric patients, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are avoided in animals under 6 weeks of age. The risks and benefits of each class of drug, as well as a table of drugs and dosages are included. Dissemination of such information will help provide pain relief to some of the most vulnerable patients in veterinary medicine. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Dyson, D. H. (2008). "Perioperative Pain Management in Veterinary Patients." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(6): 1309-1327.
>> PubMed Abstract

Robertson, S. and P. Taylor (2004). "Pain management in cats - past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain - clinical pharmacology." J Fel Med Surg 6(5): 321-333.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Feline Eosinophilic Keratitis

Spiess, A. K., J. S. Sapienza, et al. (2009). "Treatment of proliferative feline eosinophilic keratitis with topical 1.5% cyclosporine: 35 cases." Vet Ophthalmol 12(2): 132-7.

Eosinophilic keratitis is a progressive corneal disease seen in cats of any age. While the etiology is unknown, an immune-mediated response to feline herpesvirus is a suspected cause. The disease is unilateral in up to 75% of cases. The lesions are typically raised, irregular, white to pink masses. Scrapings of the lesions contain eosinophils, mast cells, and mixed inflammatory cells. Treatment is with topical corticosteroids, although some cases become refractory. Relapse is common if treatment is discontinued. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine for feline eosinophilic keratitis. The disease was diagnosed by clinical appearance and corneal cytology in 35 cats. The mean age of affected cats was 6 years. Topical cyclosporine was administered either two or three times daily. The minimum follow up period was 5 months. Improvement was seen in 89% of cats. Recurrence was seen in 23% of cases. The researchers conclude that topical cyclosporine is an effective treatment for the majority of cats with eosinophilic keratitis, and that chronic, often life-long therapy is recommended. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Andrew, S. E. (2008). "Immune-mediated canine and feline keratitis." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(2): 269-290.
>> PubMed Abstract

Moore, P. A. (2005). "Feline corneal disease." Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20(2): 83-93.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Spiess, A. K., J. S. Sapienza, et al. (2009). "Treatment of proliferative feline eosinophilic keratitis with topical 1.5% cyclosporine: 35 cases." Vet Ophthalmol 12(2): 132-7.

Eosinophilic keratitis is a progressive corneal disease seen in cats of any age. While the etiology is unknown, an immune-mediated response to feline herpesvirus is a suspected cause. The disease is unilateral in up to 75% of cases. The lesions are typically raised, irregular, white to pink masses. Scrapings of the lesions contain eosinophils, mast cells, and mixed inflammatory cells. Treatment is with topical corticosteroids, although some cases become refractory. Relapse is common if treatment is discontinued. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine for feline eosinophilic keratitis. The disease was diagnosed by clinical appearance and corneal cytology in 35 cats. The mean age of affected cats was 6 years. Topical cyclosporine was administered either two or three times daily. The minimum follow up period was 5 months. Improvement was seen in 89% of cats. Recurrence was seen in 23% of cases. The researchers conclude that topical cyclosporine is an effective treatment for the majority of cats with eosinophilic keratitis, and that chronic, often life-long therapy is recommended. [SL]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
Andrew, S. E. (2008). "Immune-mediated canine and feline keratitis." The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 38(2): 269-290.
>> PubMed Abstract

Moore, P. A. (2005). "Feline corneal disease." Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 20(2): 83-93.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

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Evaluation of Kidney Function in Cats

Heiene, R., B. S. Reynolds, et al. (2009). "Estimation of glomerular filtration rate via 2- and 4-sample plasma clearance of iohexol and creatinine in clinically normal cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 176-185.

Large numbers of elderly cats develop renal disease. Survival time after diagnosis is variable. The ability to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could lead to early detection of renal disease and allow earlier institution of therapeutic measures that protect renal function. GFR is considered the overall best indicator of renal function in healthy and diseased animals and is estimated by measurement of clearance of a marker substance. This study used 51 cats to compare 2 methods for estimating GFR, evaluate the effect of ages and body size and their interaction on GFR estimates, and establish reference ranges for GFR in clinically normal cats. The two contrast markers evaluated were iohexol and creatinine. No adverse drug reactions were noted with the use of iohexol for GFR estimation. GFR values were established in all the cats in the study. A difference in estimated GFR between young and old cats was not evident in this study. The study did find a small but significant effect of body size on estimated GFR and this was more important than the effect of age. The 4-sample method was a convenient and reliable means to establish GFR in cats with values considered normal or near normal. The 2-sample method also provided acceptable approximations for GFR and worked well in non-sedated cats. However, the 4-sample method is more accurate in cats with low renal function. Since body weight should be taken into account for estimating GFR, further studies are indicated to provide more information. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
van Hoek, I., H. P. Lefebvre, et al. (2008). "Plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, and endo-iohexol in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioiodine." J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 879-885.
>> PubMed Abstract

van Hoek, I., E. Vandermeulen, et al. (2007). "Comparison and reproducibility of plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, endo-iohexol, and 51Cr-EDTA in young adult and aged healthy cats." J Vet Intern Med 21(5): 950-8.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Heiene, R., B. S. Reynolds, et al. (2009). "Estimation of glomerular filtration rate via 2- and 4-sample plasma clearance of iohexol and creatinine in clinically normal cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70(2): 176-185.

Large numbers of elderly cats develop renal disease. Survival time after diagnosis is variable. The ability to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could lead to early detection of renal disease and allow earlier institution of therapeutic measures that protect renal function. GFR is considered the overall best indicator of renal function in healthy and diseased animals and is estimated by measurement of clearance of a marker substance. This study used 51 cats to compare 2 methods for estimating GFR, evaluate the effect of ages and body size and their interaction on GFR estimates, and establish reference ranges for GFR in clinically normal cats. The two contrast markers evaluated were iohexol and creatinine. No adverse drug reactions were noted with the use of iohexol for GFR estimation. GFR values were established in all the cats in the study. A difference in estimated GFR between young and old cats was not evident in this study. The study did find a small but significant effect of body size on estimated GFR and this was more important than the effect of age. The 4-sample method was a convenient and reliable means to establish GFR in cats with values considered normal or near normal. The 2-sample method also provided acceptable approximations for GFR and worked well in non-sedated cats. However, the 4-sample method is more accurate in cats with low renal function. Since body weight should be taken into account for estimating GFR, further studies are indicated to provide more information. [VT]
>> PubMed Abstract

Related articles:
van Hoek, I., H. P. Lefebvre, et al. (2008). "Plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, and endo-iohexol in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioiodine." J Vet Intern Med 22(4): 879-885.
>> PubMed Abstract

van Hoek, I., E. Vandermeulen, et al. (2007). "Comparison and reproducibility of plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, endo-iohexol, and 51Cr-EDTA in young adult and aged healthy cats." J Vet Intern Med 21(5): 950-8.
>> PubMed Abstract

More on cat health: Winn Feline Foundation Library

Read More