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Monday, July 11, 2011

5 Foods that Keep You Thin

Take a look around any book store, and you'll find dozens of diet books lining the shelves. Despite their bright and cheerful covers, with their positive, upbeat claims, many of them are filled with information that promotes all the wrong messages.

"The word 'diet' is negative and implies people can go on and off them," said Jane Korsberg, a senior instructor in the department of nutrition at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

Korsberg is one nutritionist who thinks it would be better to re-think the whole concept of dieting.

"'Diet foods' are confusing to many people," she explained. "What diet is the 'diet food' geared for? Is it low-calorie, low-fat, low-sodium, low-sugar, gluten-free, et cetera?"

Besides, many of the foods that specifically target dieters seem to rarely satisfy. Take those 100-calorie snack packs, for example, made to help people control calories. Those often don't even work, Korsberg says. After all, few people actually stop at only one pack.

You don't need fancy plans or complicated point systems to be thin. All you need to do is make smart food choices, watch your portion sizes and stay active.

"Learning to eat properly for a lifetime is more beneficial," Korsberg said. "The emphasis should be on choosing healthful foods every day and changing lifestyles for the better."

So instead of sticking to diet fare, fill up on nutritious, wholesome foods. And if you need some recommendations, you can start with these five options, which are among the many delicious foods that make a good addition to healthy eating while keeping you slender.

Apples

Apples are a good source of dietary fiber. Dietary fiber not only contributes to a healthy digestive system and reduced cholesterol, but it also benefits smart eaters by yielding no calories while keeping them satisfied.

And there's something else about the fruit that might help you feel full. A study in the journal "Appetite" found that when women added either three apples or three pears to their daily meals, they lost more weight than people who added three oat cookies to their diets -- even though the fruit and the cookies contained the exact same amount of dietary fiber.

Although the reason behind this finding may be a mystery, there is something to be said for the findings. According to Alan Aragon, a nutritionist and author of "Girth Control: The Science of Fat Loss & Muscle Gain," crunchy foods in particular can trick a person into feeling fuller. The act of chewing may send satiety signals to your body, he says, making you think you've eaten more than you really have and keeping hunger at bay.

Almonds

If you're looking for a tasty midday snack, a handful of almonds are a well-regarded option. A study in 2009 in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" found that women who ate nuts at least two times a week were more successful at keeping weight off than those who didn't eat this food.

One particular favorite among some nutritionists is almonds, says Aragon. One ounce of this food contains only 167 calories, plus it packs roughly 6 g of protein and 3 g of fiber, both nutrients that can make you feel full. Furthermore, like apples, almonds are crunchy and require a lot of chewing, so they, too, can make you feel like you've eaten more than you actually did and keep you fuller longer.

Salmon

If you're uncertain about fish, there's no need to fear. Seafood can be part of a healthy diet. And there's some evidence that the fat in foods such as salmon can boost satiety levels, says Aragon. For example, a study published in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate salmon a few times a week, they lost about two more pounds than those who didn't include seafood in their meals.

And in spite of the mention of salmon's fat content, the food is relatively low in calories. One 3-oz. serving has just 175 calories. Salmon is a good source of protein as well.

Eggs

There's no doubt that protein, like fiber, has impressive satiating powers. And while eggs seem to have a bad reputation in some circles, there can be no contesting their ability to help keep your weight in check.

Research has shown that eating eggs at breakfast can help you fight weight gain all day long. A study reported in 2008 in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate two eggs for breakfast for five days out of the week, they lost 65 percent more weight than dieters who consumed a bagel in the morning. Although protein is likely to fill you up whenever you eat it, some scientists suspect that having more in the morning can keep you feeling fuller all day long.

Tomatoes

It's true that most veggies make for great diet fare. Non-starchy vegetables in particular, such as carrots, celery and spinach, are filled with fiber. Like other foods high in fiber, they can help keep you feeling satiated.

Plus, they're pretty self-regulating, says Aragon. You can't really overeat with nonstarchy vegetables. After all, how many baby carrots can a person eat without needing to dunk them in some ranch dressing?

So while there are many veggies that can help you stay slim, tomatoes might be a particularly good option because they're so tasty. And, besides, with that whole a-tomato-is-a-vegetable-no-it's-a-fruit argument, you might have forgotten all about eating them. One cup of cooked, red tomatoes contains just 43 calories, but tastes just as delicious as any number of high-calorie foods.

And that's at least half the secret, finding foods that are both healthy and tasty. The good thing is, they do exist. Over time, you'll discover what wholesome, filling foods you prefer, expanding your choices while shrinking your waistline.
Take a look around any book store, and you'll find dozens of diet books lining the shelves. Despite their bright and cheerful covers, with their positive, upbeat claims, many of them are filled with information that promotes all the wrong messages.

"The word 'diet' is negative and implies people can go on and off them," said Jane Korsberg, a senior instructor in the department of nutrition at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

Korsberg is one nutritionist who thinks it would be better to re-think the whole concept of dieting.

"'Diet foods' are confusing to many people," she explained. "What diet is the 'diet food' geared for? Is it low-calorie, low-fat, low-sodium, low-sugar, gluten-free, et cetera?"

Besides, many of the foods that specifically target dieters seem to rarely satisfy. Take those 100-calorie snack packs, for example, made to help people control calories. Those often don't even work, Korsberg says. After all, few people actually stop at only one pack.

You don't need fancy plans or complicated point systems to be thin. All you need to do is make smart food choices, watch your portion sizes and stay active.

"Learning to eat properly for a lifetime is more beneficial," Korsberg said. "The emphasis should be on choosing healthful foods every day and changing lifestyles for the better."

So instead of sticking to diet fare, fill up on nutritious, wholesome foods. And if you need some recommendations, you can start with these five options, which are among the many delicious foods that make a good addition to healthy eating while keeping you slender.

Apples

Apples are a good source of dietary fiber. Dietary fiber not only contributes to a healthy digestive system and reduced cholesterol, but it also benefits smart eaters by yielding no calories while keeping them satisfied.

And there's something else about the fruit that might help you feel full. A study in the journal "Appetite" found that when women added either three apples or three pears to their daily meals, they lost more weight than people who added three oat cookies to their diets -- even though the fruit and the cookies contained the exact same amount of dietary fiber.

Although the reason behind this finding may be a mystery, there is something to be said for the findings. According to Alan Aragon, a nutritionist and author of "Girth Control: The Science of Fat Loss & Muscle Gain," crunchy foods in particular can trick a person into feeling fuller. The act of chewing may send satiety signals to your body, he says, making you think you've eaten more than you really have and keeping hunger at bay.

Almonds

If you're looking for a tasty midday snack, a handful of almonds are a well-regarded option. A study in 2009 in "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" found that women who ate nuts at least two times a week were more successful at keeping weight off than those who didn't eat this food.

One particular favorite among some nutritionists is almonds, says Aragon. One ounce of this food contains only 167 calories, plus it packs roughly 6 g of protein and 3 g of fiber, both nutrients that can make you feel full. Furthermore, like apples, almonds are crunchy and require a lot of chewing, so they, too, can make you feel like you've eaten more than you actually did and keep you fuller longer.

Salmon

If you're uncertain about fish, there's no need to fear. Seafood can be part of a healthy diet. And there's some evidence that the fat in foods such as salmon can boost satiety levels, says Aragon. For example, a study published in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate salmon a few times a week, they lost about two more pounds than those who didn't include seafood in their meals.

And in spite of the mention of salmon's fat content, the food is relatively low in calories. One 3-oz. serving has just 175 calories. Salmon is a good source of protein as well.

Eggs

There's no doubt that protein, like fiber, has impressive satiating powers. And while eggs seem to have a bad reputation in some circles, there can be no contesting their ability to help keep your weight in check.

Research has shown that eating eggs at breakfast can help you fight weight gain all day long. A study reported in 2008 in the "International Journal of Obesity" found that when dieters ate two eggs for breakfast for five days out of the week, they lost 65 percent more weight than dieters who consumed a bagel in the morning. Although protein is likely to fill you up whenever you eat it, some scientists suspect that having more in the morning can keep you feeling fuller all day long.

Tomatoes

It's true that most veggies make for great diet fare. Non-starchy vegetables in particular, such as carrots, celery and spinach, are filled with fiber. Like other foods high in fiber, they can help keep you feeling satiated.

Plus, they're pretty self-regulating, says Aragon. You can't really overeat with nonstarchy vegetables. After all, how many baby carrots can a person eat without needing to dunk them in some ranch dressing?

So while there are many veggies that can help you stay slim, tomatoes might be a particularly good option because they're so tasty. And, besides, with that whole a-tomato-is-a-vegetable-no-it's-a-fruit argument, you might have forgotten all about eating them. One cup of cooked, red tomatoes contains just 43 calories, but tastes just as delicious as any number of high-calorie foods.

And that's at least half the secret, finding foods that are both healthy and tasty. The good thing is, they do exist. Over time, you'll discover what wholesome, filling foods you prefer, expanding your choices while shrinking your waistline.
Read More


Astaxanthin reduces reflux symptoms in patients, especially in those with pronounced H. pylori infection. - GreenMedInfo Summary

Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled study.

The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant astaxanthin at two doses regimens compared to placebo should ameliorate gastrointestinal discomfort measured as GSRS in patients with functional dyspepsia, who were either positive or negative for Helicobacter pylori, after 4 weeks of treatment.
At the end of therapy (week 4) no difference between the three treatment groups was observed regarding mean Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) scores of abdominal pain, indigestion and reflux syndromes. The same results were observed at the end of follow-up. However reduction of reflux syndrome before treatment to week 4 was significantly pronounced in the higher (40mg) dose compared to the other treatment groups (16mg and placebo, p=0.04).
In general, no curative effect of astaxanthin was found in functional dyspepsia patients. Significantly greater reduction of reflux symptoms were detected in patients treated with the highest dose of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin. The response was more pronounced in H. pylori-infected patients.
Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled study.

The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant astaxanthin at two doses regimens compared to placebo should ameliorate gastrointestinal discomfort measured as GSRS in patients with functional dyspepsia, who were either positive or negative for Helicobacter pylori, after 4 weeks of treatment.
At the end of therapy (week 4) no difference between the three treatment groups was observed regarding mean Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) scores of abdominal pain, indigestion and reflux syndromes. The same results were observed at the end of follow-up. However reduction of reflux syndrome before treatment to week 4 was significantly pronounced in the higher (40mg) dose compared to the other treatment groups (16mg and placebo, p=0.04).
In general, no curative effect of astaxanthin was found in functional dyspepsia patients. Significantly greater reduction of reflux symptoms were detected in patients treated with the highest dose of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin. The response was more pronounced in H. pylori-infected patients.
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Scoliosis in Adults – Problems Related with Abnormal Spine Curvature

Scoliosis is a disorder wherein the spine tends to curve away from the middle or sideways. The condition is typically indicated when the person’s shoulder seems more elevated than the other or the when his or her pelvis looks tilted.

Scoliosis in Adults - Causative Factors of the Condition

One of the known causes that lead to scoliosis in adults is congenital, which reveals that the disorder has been present at birth and only develops while in the mother’s womb. As the fetus grows, it is possible that the bones in the spine do not form properly or the ribs fuse together resulting to the curved spine. Another reason of scoliosis in adults is neuromuscular which can be due to the muscle weakness, poor muscle control, or paralysis as a result of diseases like spina bifida, cerebral palsy, polio, and muscular dystrophy. Nonetheless, one type has no identifiable cause yet - the Idiopathic scoliosis which develops from a previously straight spine.

Scoliosis Symptoms - Warning Signs and Diagnosis

Aside from the seemingly tilted shoulders and hips, scoliosis symptoms like backaches and other low-back pains can also be experienced by the person suffering from the said spinal disorder. Fatigue in the spine can also be felt after long periods of standing or sitting, while severe cases may result to breathing problems. These scoliosis symptoms can be confirmed through several diagnostic examinations like the forward-bending test for curve definition, X-ray, and some neurologic exams to observe changes in strength, reflexes, and sensation. Another means for diagnosis may involve the use of measuring device referred to as the scoliometer so as to determine the spine’s curvature.

Scoliosis Exercises - Treatment through Work-outs

In order to correct several muscular imbalances, various scoliosis exercises can be undergone by the patient. One is the yoga which generally contributes in stretching and strengthening the muscles through certain poses that focus onto the back area thereby addressing the curvature problem. Another is the Pilates which give more emphasis in improving posture by strengthening the core muscles. Aside from that, certain positions also facilitate gradual treatment of the condition. Seated exercise positions like twisted seating, doing back or concave arches, and upper back stretches are just some of the useful scoliosis exercises. Prone exercise positions may include leg lifting while standing exercises may involve back stretches.
Scoliosis is a disorder wherein the spine tends to curve away from the middle or sideways. The condition is typically indicated when the person’s shoulder seems more elevated than the other or the when his or her pelvis looks tilted.

Scoliosis in Adults - Causative Factors of the Condition

One of the known causes that lead to scoliosis in adults is congenital, which reveals that the disorder has been present at birth and only develops while in the mother’s womb. As the fetus grows, it is possible that the bones in the spine do not form properly or the ribs fuse together resulting to the curved spine. Another reason of scoliosis in adults is neuromuscular which can be due to the muscle weakness, poor muscle control, or paralysis as a result of diseases like spina bifida, cerebral palsy, polio, and muscular dystrophy. Nonetheless, one type has no identifiable cause yet - the Idiopathic scoliosis which develops from a previously straight spine.

Scoliosis Symptoms - Warning Signs and Diagnosis

Aside from the seemingly tilted shoulders and hips, scoliosis symptoms like backaches and other low-back pains can also be experienced by the person suffering from the said spinal disorder. Fatigue in the spine can also be felt after long periods of standing or sitting, while severe cases may result to breathing problems. These scoliosis symptoms can be confirmed through several diagnostic examinations like the forward-bending test for curve definition, X-ray, and some neurologic exams to observe changes in strength, reflexes, and sensation. Another means for diagnosis may involve the use of measuring device referred to as the scoliometer so as to determine the spine’s curvature.

Scoliosis Exercises - Treatment through Work-outs

In order to correct several muscular imbalances, various scoliosis exercises can be undergone by the patient. One is the yoga which generally contributes in stretching and strengthening the muscles through certain poses that focus onto the back area thereby addressing the curvature problem. Another is the Pilates which give more emphasis in improving posture by strengthening the core muscles. Aside from that, certain positions also facilitate gradual treatment of the condition. Seated exercise positions like twisted seating, doing back or concave arches, and upper back stretches are just some of the useful scoliosis exercises. Prone exercise positions may include leg lifting while standing exercises may involve back stretches.
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Thursday, July 7, 2011

Release of Spanish Version of Your Plan for Natural Scoliosis Prevention and Treatment Book

Su Plan Natural Para La Prevención y Tratamiento Natural de la Escoliosis 
OUT NOW!

Su Plan Natural Para La Prevención y Tratamiento Natural de la Escoliosis 
OUT NOW!

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Wednesday, July 6, 2011

Cyanocobalamin may be beneficial in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers even when vitamin B12 levels are normal.

Seventy-two patients with RAU were included in the study. In addition to serum cobalamin levels, hemanitic and biochemistrical parameters were measured. Patients with serum cobalamin levels < 140 pg/mL were defined as the cobalamin deficient group (CDG) whereas patients with cobalamin levels > or = 140 pg/mL were defined as the cobalamin normal group (CNG). The degree of aphthous ulcer healing was determined according to serum cobalamin levels at the first and sixth month after cyanocobalamin treatment protocol.

RESULTS: Of the 72 participants, 37 were in the CDG whereas 35 were considered to have normal cobalamin levels. In the first admission the cobalamin levels were 215.8 +/- 116.90 pg/mL in CNG and 107.43 +/- 29.35 pg/mL in the CDG. The frequency of aphthous ulcers was defined numerically according to monthly occurrence of the lesions. The mean aphthous ulcer frequency in CNG group was 1.9 +/- 0.7, whereas it was 2.4 +/- 0.9 in the CDG. A significant increase in cobalamin levels was observed after cyanocobalamin treatment in both groups. A significant decrease in aphthous ulcer frequency was also concurrently observed. 96% of the patients showed good response to replacement treatment, 4% of the study population did not respond to the treatment.

CONCLUSION: Cyanocobalamin treatment maybe beneficial for patients with RAU even when serum cobalamin levels are normal. We suggest that higher serum cobalamin levels should be attained in patients with RAU for mucosal protection.
Seventy-two patients with RAU were included in the study. In addition to serum cobalamin levels, hemanitic and biochemistrical parameters were measured. Patients with serum cobalamin levels < 140 pg/mL were defined as the cobalamin deficient group (CDG) whereas patients with cobalamin levels > or = 140 pg/mL were defined as the cobalamin normal group (CNG). The degree of aphthous ulcer healing was determined according to serum cobalamin levels at the first and sixth month after cyanocobalamin treatment protocol.

RESULTS: Of the 72 participants, 37 were in the CDG whereas 35 were considered to have normal cobalamin levels. In the first admission the cobalamin levels were 215.8 +/- 116.90 pg/mL in CNG and 107.43 +/- 29.35 pg/mL in the CDG. The frequency of aphthous ulcers was defined numerically according to monthly occurrence of the lesions. The mean aphthous ulcer frequency in CNG group was 1.9 +/- 0.7, whereas it was 2.4 +/- 0.9 in the CDG. A significant increase in cobalamin levels was observed after cyanocobalamin treatment in both groups. A significant decrease in aphthous ulcer frequency was also concurrently observed. 96% of the patients showed good response to replacement treatment, 4% of the study population did not respond to the treatment.

CONCLUSION: Cyanocobalamin treatment maybe beneficial for patients with RAU even when serum cobalamin levels are normal. We suggest that higher serum cobalamin levels should be attained in patients with RAU for mucosal protection.
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Tuesday, July 5, 2011

Feline Allergic Skin Disease


Atopic dermatitis (AD) remains less well defined in cats than in dogs. Pruritus, or itching, is the most consistent clinical feature, although the lesion distribution is less well defined in the cat. The presentation is more commonly of one or more cutaneous reaction patterns, including, but not limited to, pruritus of the head, neck and pinna, military dermatitis, self-induced alopecia and eosinophilic granuloma complex lesions. Feline AD is a clinical diagnosis based on a compatible history, physical findings and exclusion of all other pruritic dermatoses. Similar to dogs, detection of allergen-specific IgE in cat serum merely supports a diagnosis of feline atopy. This study compared a rapid screening immunoassay with a complete panel serum allergen specific IgE assay in healthy cats with no history of skin disease and in atopic cats. Findings indicated there was no significant difference in the presence of allergen-specific IgE in atopic versus healthy cats with either assay. Neither assay should be used on its own for initial diagnosis of AD in cats.  This study did, however, reveal a strong agreement (88% of serum samples) between the two assays, independent of disease status. Agreement was still notable for all allergen groups when individual allergen groups were considered. The study supported previous conclusions that allergen-specific IgE in serum is by itself insufficient for the diagnosis of feline AD.  [VT]


Atopic dermatitis (AD) remains less well defined in cats than in dogs. Pruritus, or itching, is the most consistent clinical feature, although the lesion distribution is less well defined in the cat. The presentation is more commonly of one or more cutaneous reaction patterns, including, but not limited to, pruritus of the head, neck and pinna, military dermatitis, self-induced alopecia and eosinophilic granuloma complex lesions. Feline AD is a clinical diagnosis based on a compatible history, physical findings and exclusion of all other pruritic dermatoses. Similar to dogs, detection of allergen-specific IgE in cat serum merely supports a diagnosis of feline atopy. This study compared a rapid screening immunoassay with a complete panel serum allergen specific IgE assay in healthy cats with no history of skin disease and in atopic cats. Findings indicated there was no significant difference in the presence of allergen-specific IgE in atopic versus healthy cats with either assay. Neither assay should be used on its own for initial diagnosis of AD in cats.  This study did, however, reveal a strong agreement (88% of serum samples) between the two assays, independent of disease status. Agreement was still notable for all allergen groups when individual allergen groups were considered. The study supported previous conclusions that allergen-specific IgE in serum is by itself insufficient for the diagnosis of feline AD.  [VT]

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Monday, July 4, 2011

Rotational Pattern Determines Idiopathic Scoliosis Curve

Spine: 01 April 2011 - Volume 36 - Issue 7 - p E486–E491

Analysis of Preexistent Vertebral Rotation in the Normal Infantile, Juvenile, and Adolescent Spine
Janssen, Michiel M.A. MD*; Kouwenhoven, Jan-Willem M. MD, PhD*; Schlösser, Tom P.C. BSc*; Viergever, Max A. PhD†; Bartels, Lambertus W. PhD†; Castelein, René M. MD, PhD*; Vincken, Koen L. PhD†

Abstract
Study Design. Vertebral rotation was systematically analyzed in the normal, nonscoliotic thoracic spine of children aged 0 to 16 years. Subgroups were created to match the infantile, juvenile, and adolescent age groups according to the criteria of the Scoliosis Research Society.

Objective. To determine whether a distinct pattern of vertebral rotation in the transverse plane exists in the normal, nonscoliotic infantile, juvenile, and adolescent spine.

Summary of Background Data. We assume that, once the spine starts to deteriorate into a scoliotic deformity, it will follow a preexisting rotational pattern. Recently, we identified a rotational pattern in the normal nonscoliotic adult spine that corresponds to the most common curve types in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In infantile idiopathic scoliosis, curves are typically left sided and boys are affected more often than girls, whereas in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the thoracic curve is typically right sided and predominantly girls are affected. The present study is the first systematic analysis of vertebral rotation in the normal children's spine.

Methods. Vertebral rotation in the transverse plane of T2–T12 was measured by using a semiautomatic method on 146 computed tomographic scans of children (0–16 years old) without clinical or radiologic evidence of spinal pathology. Scans were mainly made for reasons such as recurrent respiratory tract infections, malignancies, or immune disorders. Vertebral rotational patterns were analyzed in the infantile (0–3-year-old), juvenile (4–9-year-old), and adolescent (10–16-year-old) boys and girls.

Results. In the infantile spine, vertebrae T2–T6 were significantly rotated to the left (P < 0.001). In the juvenile spine, T4 was significantly rotated to the left. In the adolescent spine, T6–T12 were significantly rotated to the right (P ≤ 0.001). Rotation to the left was more pronounced in infantile boys than in the girls (P = 0.023). In juvenile and adolescent children, no statistical differences in rotation were found between the sexes.

Conclusion. These data support the hypothesis that the direction of the spinal curve in idiopathic scoliosis is determined by the built-in rotational pattern that the spine exhibits at the time of onset. The well-known predominance of right-sided thoracic curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and left-sided curves in infantile idiopathic scoliosis can be explained by the observed patterns of vertebral rotation that preexist at the corresponding age.
Spine: 01 April 2011 - Volume 36 - Issue 7 - p E486–E491

Analysis of Preexistent Vertebral Rotation in the Normal Infantile, Juvenile, and Adolescent Spine
Janssen, Michiel M.A. MD*; Kouwenhoven, Jan-Willem M. MD, PhD*; Schlösser, Tom P.C. BSc*; Viergever, Max A. PhD†; Bartels, Lambertus W. PhD†; Castelein, René M. MD, PhD*; Vincken, Koen L. PhD†

Abstract
Study Design. Vertebral rotation was systematically analyzed in the normal, nonscoliotic thoracic spine of children aged 0 to 16 years. Subgroups were created to match the infantile, juvenile, and adolescent age groups according to the criteria of the Scoliosis Research Society.

Objective. To determine whether a distinct pattern of vertebral rotation in the transverse plane exists in the normal, nonscoliotic infantile, juvenile, and adolescent spine.

Summary of Background Data. We assume that, once the spine starts to deteriorate into a scoliotic deformity, it will follow a preexisting rotational pattern. Recently, we identified a rotational pattern in the normal nonscoliotic adult spine that corresponds to the most common curve types in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In infantile idiopathic scoliosis, curves are typically left sided and boys are affected more often than girls, whereas in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the thoracic curve is typically right sided and predominantly girls are affected. The present study is the first systematic analysis of vertebral rotation in the normal children's spine.

Methods. Vertebral rotation in the transverse plane of T2–T12 was measured by using a semiautomatic method on 146 computed tomographic scans of children (0–16 years old) without clinical or radiologic evidence of spinal pathology. Scans were mainly made for reasons such as recurrent respiratory tract infections, malignancies, or immune disorders. Vertebral rotational patterns were analyzed in the infantile (0–3-year-old), juvenile (4–9-year-old), and adolescent (10–16-year-old) boys and girls.

Results. In the infantile spine, vertebrae T2–T6 were significantly rotated to the left (P < 0.001). In the juvenile spine, T4 was significantly rotated to the left. In the adolescent spine, T6–T12 were significantly rotated to the right (P ≤ 0.001). Rotation to the left was more pronounced in infantile boys than in the girls (P = 0.023). In juvenile and adolescent children, no statistical differences in rotation were found between the sexes.

Conclusion. These data support the hypothesis that the direction of the spinal curve in idiopathic scoliosis is determined by the built-in rotational pattern that the spine exhibits at the time of onset. The well-known predominance of right-sided thoracic curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and left-sided curves in infantile idiopathic scoliosis can be explained by the observed patterns of vertebral rotation that preexist at the corresponding age.
Read More